<p>Learning. *Black Box *Behaviorism</p><p>Definition (a) A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. (b) Linking events that occur close together (i.e., associative learning).</p><p>Classical Conditioning: Learning associations of two stimuli, Pavlov, involuntary/automatic, S first. Example 1: (a) Stimulus 1 (lightening) + Stimulus 2 (thunder)  Wincing Response (b) Repeat the association of S1 and S2  Wincing Response (c) S1 alone  Wincing response expecting a S2</p><p>Example 2: (a) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS: Food)  Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (b) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS: Food) + Neutral Stimulus (NS: Bell)  Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (c) Repeat the association between UCS and NS  Unconditioned Response (UCR: salivation) (d) NS alone  UCR (salivation) (e) CS (bell)  CR (salivation)</p><p>Other examples: (a) FoodVomiting. Cook/Smell of the FoodVomiting. (b) DentistPain/fear. Dental signspain/fear. (c) Alcohol/drugpleasure, craving, pain, etc. Friends who do drink/abuse drugsCraving for them. (d) Many feared responses (i.e., rat, snake, bugs).</p><p>Terms need to know: (a) Generalization: Tendency to show CR to Stimuli similar to CS (i.e., whistle, chime). (b) Discrimination: The learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli. (c) Extinction: After several Conditioned Responses, no more CR to CS without UCS. (d) Spontaneous Recovery: After extinction, reappearance of conditioned response. Operant Conditioning: Learning association between a response and its consequences, Skinner, Voluntary, R first. (a) Voluntary Response (pushing vending machine)  Getting candy (consequence). (b) Repeat the association between Response and its and Consequence (c) Learned to push bending machine to get candy.</p><p>Things need to know in the Operant conditioning. (a) Reinforcements: Increase the likelihood of a response by adding positive stimulus (positive reinforcement: SR+) or removing painful/aversive stimulus (negative reinforcement: SR-) (b) Primary (i.e., innately satisfying consequences such love, food, removing electrical shocks) and secondary (i.e., learned consequences such as money, light in a Skinner box, money, praise) reinforcers. (c) Shaping: Operant procedure in which reinforces responses close to a desired response. (d) Learning curves are most sharp from a  d. Most steady from d  a Learning can occur without reinforcement: Latent learning (i.e., paired rats in a mazecognitive map), Vicarious learning (i.e., observational learning) (e) Punishment: Decrease the likelihood of a response. Drawbacks of punishment: -Simple suppression (may reappear when punishment is avoidable or no longer present), -May increase aggressiveness (learn from punishers), -May increase fear and generalized avoidance behavior, -Do not show/guide positive behaviors (No, but try this is better). </p><p>Reinforcement Schedule: (a) Fixed Ratio: Reinforce a response only after a specified number of responses (i.e., pay on a piecework, frequent fliers program) (b) Variable ratio: Reinforce a response after unpredictable number of responses (i.e., fishing, gambling, door to door salesperson) (c) Fixed interval: Reinforce a response only after a specified time has elapsed (weekly paycheck, checking cookies in the oven). (d) Variable Interval: Reinforce a response at unpredictable intervals (i.e., unpredictable pop quiz). </p>