<p>IV. LESSON 4 [Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87)]</p><p>A. Pure Substances and Mixtures 1. ______matter is composed of particles called ______2. Atoms form ______and come together in different ways to form ______and ______</p><p>3. ______ ______unit of an ______and maintain the ______of that element</p><p>4. ______ ______unit of a ______; maintaining ______of the compound</p><p>5. ______ matter that is composed of one kind of ______(e.g. sulfur [__]; carbon [__]) a. each ______has its own ______chemical and ______properties *b. elements can _____ be ______down into other substances by any ______means c. some ______exists in elemental form [(e.g.) gold [___] = not chemically ______)] *d. ______individually or combined form everything in the universe including ______*1. Human body’s most abundant ______: carbon [__], oxygen [__], hydrogen [__], and nitrogen [__]; for teeth & ______= calcium [___] and phosphorus [__]; for taste buds = zinc [___]; for nervous system = copper [___]; for blood = iron [___] *e. There are currently ____ known ______and ___ are found in nature, while the others are ______(man-made), but we only use between ___-___ elements daily *1. The discovery of all the ______to date has taken ______of years *2. In ancient times, it was believed there were “__” ______: water, air, land, fire</p><p>*f. The chemical symbol of an ______ is a shorthand form of the element’s ______*1. The chemical ______always ______with a ______letter, with any other letter(s) written in their ______-______form *a. (e.g.) sulfur [__]; iodine [__]; fluorine [__]; helium [___]; gallium [___] *2. Some elements’ ______symbols are based on their Latin, Greek or Arabic name *a. (e.g.) gold [___]; silver [___]; mercury [___]; tin [___]; lead [___]</p><p>6. ______ substance composed of two or more kinds of ______that has been ______combined (e.g. sodium chloride [______]; hydrogen peroxide [______]; iron oxide [______]) a. every ______has its own distinct ______1. the ______of a compound differ from the ______of the individual ______making up the ______a. (e.g.) sodium [___] and chlorine [___] individually have totally ______properties compared to the ______sodium chloride [______] b. ______matter on Earth exists in the form of a ______</p><p>*c. When a ______forms, it ______contains the ______elements and the ______number of atoms per ______in exactly the ______ratio *1. ______= is always composed of the ______hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:1 ratio of atoms respectively è ______*2. ______= is always composed of the ______hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:2 ratio of atoms respectively è ______</p><p>*d. A chemical formula è is a chemical abbreviation for writing a ______*1. A formula includes: ______symbols of the ______and numbers written as subscripts to show the ratio of ______per ______*a. If an ______has ____ subscript, the ______is understood to be “__” *b. (e.g.) carbon monoxide [___]; carbon dioxide [______]; ammonia [______] *e. Examples of ______: *1. Table salt = ______[sodium, chlorine w/1:1 atom ratio] *2. Sand = ______[silicon, oxygen w/1:2 atom ratio] *3. Table sugar = ______[carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/12:22:11 atom ratio] *4. Glucose = ______[carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/6:12:6 atom ratio] *5. Chalk = ______[calcium, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:3 atom ratio] *6. Iron oxide (rust) = ______[iron, oxygen w/2:3 atom ratio] *7. Baking soda = ______[sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:1:3 atom ratio]</p><p>*f. ______can be broken down, but because the elements were ______joined together, a ______process is necessary to ______them. *1. Heating breaks down some ______: iron separated from oxygen </p><p>(e.g.) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C (are heated) à 4 Fe + 3 CO2 (the _____ [Fe] is ______) </p><p>*2. Electrolysis is an ______current passed through some ______to break them down: water is broken down into ______gas [H2] and ______gas [O2]</p><p>(e.g.) 2 H2O (electricity is added) à 2 H2 + O2 (the ______[H] and ______[O] are ______) *3. Some ______are so ______that they break down without the use of ______or ______*a. ______acts as a catalyst (something that ______up a reaction) and is all that is needed to break down an ______compound: hydrogen peroxide [_____] is broken down into ______[______] and ______gas [O2]</p><p>(e.g.) 2 H2O2 (exposed to light) à 2 H2O + O2 (______into water and oxygen)</p><p>7. ______ is matter that has been ______or blended together ______, but ______combined a. since ______are ______joined together, each substance retains its ______and ______properties *b. ______, however, do ____ require a specific ______of substances *1. Sugar water = is composed of the ______(substance being dissolved) sugar and the ______(substance doing the dissolving) water *a. Add more sugar (______), the solution becomes ______*b. Add ______sugar (______), the solution becomes ______</p><p>B. Pure Substances: ______and ______</p><p>1. Two types of ______substances:  ______(e.g.) potassium [___]; aluminum [____]; sodium [____]  ______(e.g.) _____ [NaCl]; glucose [______]; ______[C12H22O11] 2. Pure substances have definite ______physical and chemical ______a. Properties of _____ substances remain consistent because the most basic particles (______and ______) making up each substance are ______[(e.g.) copper [___]; water [_____]] 3. ______bonds (ionic and covalent bonds) are ______that hold the ______together that form ______and can only be broken by a ______change (electrolysis, heat, light) 4. Classifications of ______substances are according to their ______a. ______are classified into __ groups: ______, ______and ______*1. ______(metallic) have the following ______: *a. ______ the amount of ______or brightness (e.g.) chromium [___] *b. ______ able to be hammered, rolled, or shaped without ______(e.g.) copper (___); gold [___]; aluminum [___] *c. ______ able to be drawn into a _____ (e.g.) tungsten [__]; platinum [__] *d. Good ______of ______ items made from these elements heat quickly and distribute the heat evenly (e.g.) iron [___]; aluminum [___] *e. Good ______of ______ metals through which electrons move freely forming ______currents (e.g.) gold [__]; copper [__]; tungsten [__] *f. ______of ______at room temperature (25o C)  most metals are a ______at room temp; except mercury [__]; copernicium [__], which are ______at 25o C *g. Some ______exist for a short period of time in pure form (e.g.) francium [___] *2. ______(non-metallic) elements’ ______: *a. ______of ______at room temperature (____)  nonmetals are a ______or ______at room temperature, except bromine [__], only ______non-metal at 25o C *1. Nonmetals have “______” properties of metals: low or no ______, poor conductors of ______/electricity, and not ductile or ______*3. ______, the “6” elements that ______between the ______and ______, having properties “______” those of ______and ______*a. Common metalloids: *1. silicon [__] – combined with oxygen forming sand [_____], glass and cement *2. boron [__] – is used in ______solutions *3. arsenic [___] – is a ______*b. Metalloids ______electricity ______efficiently than ______, but ______efficiently than ______*1. silicon [___] and germanium [___] – are used as semi-conductors to make computer chips, transistors, and ______*c. Two other ______are: ______[Sb] and ______[Te] *d. ______[Al] although it borders the line that ______the metallic from the non-metallic ______; it is definitely a ______*e. ______[At] and ______[Po] also border the zigzag line, but are still being debated as to whether they are ______</p><p> b. ______can be classified as a ______, ______, or ______substance based on their “pH” value (determined using a ______indicator): </p><p> ______have a pH value ______“7”; (e.g.) vinegar [CH3COOH]; litmus turns _____</p><p> ______have a pH value ______“7”; (e.g.) baking soda [NaHCO3]; litmus turns ____  ______substances’ ___ value is “__”; (e.g.) distilled water [___]; litmus _____ change c. ______can also be classified as ______or ______1. ______compounds have chemical bonds between carbon [__] & hydrogen [__] atoms a. ______compounds made from ______matter are called ______1. Four categories of ______: a. ______: a macronutrient and source of ______(e.g.) sugar, starch, fiber b. ______: a macronutrient that stores ______energy and forms _____ membranes (e.g.) ______, oil, wax c. ______: a macronutrient that regulates body ______activities; builds and ______cellular structures d. ______: contain genetic information (e.g.) _____ and RNA; build ______C. Mixtures 1. ______ consists of _____ or more substances that are ______/ ______together, but do ____ react ______to form a _____ substance, instead keeping their original ______2. Mixtures are not ______substances 3. Components of a ______are ____ all ______and do ____ have ______properties because they do _____ have a defined ______makeup 4. Mixtures can be ______by ______means which depends on their physical and chemical ______*a. Methods used to separate the substances of ______are:  ______separation the substances (e.g. remove mushroom topping from pizza)  ______various sized particles (e.g. sifting dirt particles)  ______force of attraction or repulsion between ______materials *1. (e.g.) iron [___ – most ______element ] nails from aluminum [__] nails)  ______can separate substances ______(e.g. sand in water) *1. ______machine (e.g. separates parts of ______)  ______is the process of ______away water or letting water ______(the 2 forms of vaporization) from a ______, leaving the ______that was ______as a residue 5. ______are classified into two types: ______and ______a. ______ the substances are ______dispersed throughout the ______due to the ______(going from areas of ______concentration to areas of _____ concentration) of the particles throughout the mixture 1. Particles are extremely ______; they will _____ settle out; ______stay ______2. ______ homogeneous mixture where one substance is ______in another *a. Types of ______: *1. the most common ______is a ______dissolved in a ______*a. (e.g.) ______(solute – the substance being dissolved) and water (solvent – the substance that dissolves other materials) *2. one ______dissolved in another ______*a. (e.g.) Ethylene glycol (solute) and ______(solvent) to make ______(______pt = -13o C; ______pt = 176 o C) *3. a ______dissolved in a ______*a. (e.g.) ______gas (solute) and soda (solvent) to make a carbonated soft drink *4. a ______dissolved in another ______*a. (e.g.) _____ is a mixture of nitrogen [__] (solvent), oxygen [__], argon [___] and carbon dioxide [______] (solutes) </p><p>*b. ______ are solid ______of metals ______in other metals and non-metals dissolved in ______*1. Steel  is a ______of metal iron [ ___ ] and non-metal carbon [__]; exceptionally strong *2. Bronze  is a ______of metal copper [___] and metal tin [___]; earliest of the alloys *3. Brass  is a ______of metal copper [___] and metal zinc [___]; very malleable *4. Sterling silver  is a ______of metal silver [___] and metal copper [___]; harder and does _____ tarnish like pure silver [___]</p><p>*5. Solder  is a ______of metal tin [___] and metal lead [___]; ______point and is used to join ______together *6. Wood’s metal  is a ______of metal bismuth [___], metal lead [__], metal tin [___], and metal cadmium [___]; used in sprinkler systems in buildings *c. Concentration  is a way to describe a ______because different amounts of ______can be ______in different amounts of ______*1. ______ are solutions with a ______amount of ______*a. (e.g.) “______” tea (lighter in ______; weaker ______) *2. ______ are solutions with a ______amount of ______*a. (e.g.) “______” tea (______in color; ______taste) *d. Solubility  is a ______of how well a ______can ______in a ______at a given ______*1. ______ ______that will dissolve in a ______*2. ______ ______that will ____ dissolve in a ______*3. ______ are solutions with so much ______that no more will ______*4. ______ are solutions where ______solute will continue to ______when added to the ______*5. ______ are solutions containing more ______than the ______at a given temperature can ______</p><p>*6. For many solids, solubility ______as the temperatures ______, because a solid’s particles move ______and spread ______apart allowing more room in the ______for ______dissolved particles *a. (e.g.) Potassium nitrate [__NO3] and ______chloride [KCl] *7. For many gases, an ______in temperature ______the solubility of a gas in a liquid, because the speed of the dissolved gas particles ______, causing the particles to gain energy and ______the solution more readily. *a. (e.g.) Bubbles of ______air escape long before the water boils, because water is able to hold ______air in solution as its temperature ______*e. Effects of Solutes on Solutions *1. Lower the Freezing Points  Solutes ______the ______point of a ______, because the ______particles interfere with the ______particles making it ______for the water molecules to form ______*a. (e.g.) A salt water ______– the temperature must drop lower than ______for water to ______and for a ______to form *2. Higher Boiling Points  Solutes ______the ______point of a ______, because the ______particles make it ______for the water molecules to gain energy and ______into the air. *a. (e.g.) A salt water ______– temperature must go higher than _____ for the water to gain more ______for the water to _____ *f. Water [_____] is the ______solvent for ______*1. However, _____ all solutes ______in water *a. (e.g.) oil-based paints require ______as the ______b. ______ substances ____ evenly distributed throughout the ______1. Particles are ______, can ______in size and do ____ stay ______</p><p>2. ______ heterogeneous mixture where particles of one substance are ______throughout another substance and ______eventually ______out </p><p>*3. Types of ______: *1. solid particles ______in a liquid *a. (e.g.) sand in ______; juices w/______; Italian ______dressing </p><p>*2. solid particles ______in a gas *a. (e.g.) dust or ______particles in the ______</p><p>*3. gas molecules ______in a liquid *a. (e.g.) _____ scattered in a “creamy” fluid to make shaving ______and ______cream</p><p>*4. ______è has ______- ______particles that remain ______in a gas, ______or ______*a. Colloids appear to be ______, because their particles are well-mixed and are too ______to be ______because they are ______evenly in another substance *1. Colloids are ______in appearance</p><p>*b. a ______particles are large enough, however, to “______” or “______” a beam of ______, but a solution’s particles are ____</p><p>*c. (e.g.) ______, fog, ______, gelatin and ______</p><p>*d. ______versus ______(Tyndall effect):</p><p>*5. ______è is a special type of ______that consists of one liquid ______in another ______*a. Emulsions are well-mixed substances and are therefore ______*b. (e.g.) mayonnaise is an ______of vinegar (______) ______in oil (______) and egg yolks (the emulsifier) </p><p>*c. ______è is a substance that keeps the particles in one ______in another ______*1. (e.g.) in mayonnaise the ______is the ______</p><p>*d. Many, but _____ all ______have ______</p>