<p>AP Biology Chapters 2 – 5 Study Guide</p><p>Chapters Two and Three</p><p>You should already know basic chemistry, such as make-up of atoms, what elements, compounds, etc. are. The test will not focus on these elemental concepts but rather on how chemistry affects biology. Specifically review:</p><p>How to determine reactivity of elements (valence, valence number, electron arrangement)</p><p>What isotopes are, how they differ, how used in biology</p><p>Difference in intramolecular bonds: ionic, covalent (polar and nonpolar)</p><p>Types of intermolecular bonds: hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals forces</p><p>The polarity of the water molecule and how it affects hydrogen bonding</p><p>Unique properties of water and how you can explain them using hydrogen bonding: adhesion, cohesion, high specific heat, ice expansion upon freezing, good solvent ability, transpiration, etc. Why this is all important in the living world.</p><p>The concept of pH, pH scale, difference in acids, bases, and neutral materials on the pH scale, how to determine concentrations of H and OH ions based on pH numbers, acid rain, coral reef degradation</p><p>Buffers, what they are, carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffering system in our bodies, how they work </p><p>How to make molar solutions</p><p>Chapters Four and Five</p><p>A lot of biology (biochemistry) here that you need to know. Specifically think about how structure determines functionality. </p><p>Specifically review:</p><p>Why carbon is important in the living world, its bonding capabilities, define organic chemistry</p><p>The three different types of isomers, identify, why isomers are important</p><p>The functional groups in organic molecules, what properties they bestow</p><p>Polymers, monomers</p><p>How monomers are joined in hydration, condensation reactions, and separated in hydrolysis</p><p>Four main types of macromolecules, know:</p><p>Their monomers (or components in case of lipids) How you can recognize them</p><p>Their functions</p><p>Their properties (polar, nonpolar)</p><p>Types of linkages that link them together (also role of dehydration synthesis in this)</p><p>For carbohydrates – specifically simple sugars and starches, polysaccharides, storage and structural types, plant and animal polysaccharides, chitin</p><p>For lipids – they are nonsoluble in water and nonpolar, how specific types are assembled, such as phospholipids, triglycerides, steroids</p><p>For proteins – levels of structure, bonding in each level, how structure is achieved and importance, how </p><p> mutations affect structure (Sickle Cell Anemia)</p><p>For nucleic acids – basic differences in DNA and RNA, base pairing, antiparallel nature of DNA, how shape of DNA determines function</p><p>As always, there may be dependent, independent variables, standard deviation, standard error bars, and maybe some math. </p><p>Please focus on understanding, not just memorizing!</p>