<p>AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 4.1, 4.2 and 19 – The Prokaryotes Chapters 4.1-2, and Chapter 19 – The Structure and Ecological/Evolutionary Importance of Prokaryotes* *Adapted and modified from Robbyn Tuinstra’s work</p><p>SECTION 4.1</p><p>1. State the cell theory and the three important implications.</p><p>2. List the typical size of a:</p><p>______Plant and animal cell ______Bacterial cell ______Chloroplast ______Virus ______Protein</p><p>3. Why are cells so small? Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio.</p><p>4. Cells specialized in absorption/neurotransmission have modifications that do what?</p><p>CHAPTER 19.1 – INTRODUCTION TO PROKARYOTES</p><p>5. What attributes do all organisms share (see 19.1 – opening paragraph). How do these features support the conclusion that all living organisms are related?</p><p>6. Summarize the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.</p><p>7. Name the two major prokaryotic domains AND their characteristics. Why the division?</p><p>8. Why has it been difficult to classify prokaryotes in terms of evolutionary relationship?</p><p>9. Prokaryotes are generally classified by morphology, composition of cell wall and molecular characteristics. Explain why morphology and cell wall composition are not great indicators of evolutionary relationships.</p><p>10. How has rRNA analysis contributed to a greater understanding of relationships among prokaryotes. Why rRNA?</p><p>11. What is horizontal (lateral) gene transfer? What would be an evolutionary advantage of horizontal gene transfer?</p><p>CHAPTER 4.2 – GENERALIZED PROKARYOTE STRUCTURE</p><p>12. Roughly sketch a bacterial cell, label its parts and state a function for each using the list of terms below. Be sure to describe the composition of each, where applicable, in regards to bacterial structure/function: cell envelope, mesosomes, cell wall, plasmid, and nucleoid.</p><p>Page 1 of 3 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 4.1, 4.2 and 19 – The Prokaryotes</p><p>13. Describe how the cellular structure of cyanobacteria aids in their ability to undergo photosynthesis without true chloroplasts.</p><p>14. What are the roles of flagella, fimbriae, and sex pili in bacteria.</p><p>15. Define the role/composition of the following prokaryotic structures:</p><p> a. Peptidoglycan</p><p> b. Flagella</p><p> c. Fimbriae</p><p> d. Sex pilus</p><p> e. Plasmid</p><p>CHAPTER 19.2 – DOMAIN BACTERIA</p><p>18. Read through Section 19.2 (and Fig 19.1) and list the names of some major prokayotes groups (Phylum) that belong to the Domain Bacteria below.</p><p>19. What are endospores?</p><p>20. List characteristics of the Cyanobacteria – be sure to describe heterocysts.</p><p> a. How is photosynthesis similar to plants?</p><p> b. What is the significance of cyanobacteria to early Earth?</p><p> c. Why are nutritional requirements of cyanobacteria so minimal?</p><p>DOMAIN ARCHAEA</p><p>21. Compare and contrast domain Bacteria and domain Archaea.</p><p>22. Are Eukarya more closely related to the Bacteria or Archaea? Explain why.</p><p>23. Being as specific as possible, list the differences and similarities between Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea that are used to justify the 3-Domain system (see Table 19.1).</p><p>24. List the various unique structures and functions of Archaea.</p><p>CHAPTER 19.3 – ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA</p><p>25. Prokaryotes differ greatly in the type of metabolism and nutrient requirements. Contrast obligate and facultative anaerobes. How do these bacteria differ from aerobic organisms? Page 2 of 3 AP Biology Origins and Diversity of Life on Earth Reading Guide – Chapter 4.1, 4.2 and 19 – The Prokaryotes</p><p>26. Photoautotrophic bacteria can be subdivided by whether they release ______.</p><p> How do these bacteria differ in the types of photosystems and photoactive pigments they contain? </p><p> Green sulfur and purple bacteria are examples of which type of autotroph? </p><p> Which type is more similar to plants and algae? </p><p>27. Explain the ecological significance of chemoautotrophs.</p><p>28. Define chemoheterotrophic decomposers. How is the decomposer method (call saprotrophs or saprobes) of nutrition different from ingesting dead meat or plant material?</p><p>IMPORTANCE OF PROKARYOTES</p><p>29. Summarize the importance of prokaryotes in the following capacities:</p><p> a. Nutrient cycling</p><p> b. Formation of O2 in the atmosphere of early Earth</p><p> c. Pathogens</p><p>30. How is nitrogen “fixed”? What is the name of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in the nodules on the roots of legume plants?</p><p>31. Diagram the nitrogen cycle, detailing the role of plants and bacteria in the cycle.</p><p>32. What are lichens? Describe their ecological importance.</p><p>33. Define pathogen. Why do pathogens affect only specific tissues?</p><p>34. How do bacterial toxins affect host cells? Give an example.</p><p>Page 3 of 3</p>