<p>Taxonomy and Kingdoms Notes Why Classify? Scientific Names are dependable and universally accepted.</p><p>• Taxonomy – grouping and naming organisms based upon their characteristics.</p><p>• Essential study in biology to disclose ______relationships & ______them in a logical manner. </p><p>History of Classification</p><p>• ______developed the first system of classification. </p><p>• ______(1707-1778) created the most known classification system. Based upon the structural similarities of organisms. A Natural System meaning organisms are grouped into as many groups and subgroups as their similarities and differences require.</p><p>• Created ______, a 2-part scientific naming system.</p><p>• Used ______. (Dead Language) Goes along with ______ideas of common ancestry.</p><p>Taxonomy Overview</p><p>• At the start, each group is very broad and includes many organisms. At each level, two groups are further subdivided by more ______criteria. Any group of organisms is called a ______(plural, taxa) Domains: Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya </p><p>D - ______Dear K - ______King Philip P - ______Came Over C - ______For O -______Good Spaghetti! F - ______</p><p>G - ______</p><p>S - ______</p><p>Determining Evolutionary Relationships</p><p>• ______: Many shared physical structures imply species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor. An animal with retractable claws might be related to what group?</p><p>• ______: Differences in mating behavior (calls, time of year, location)</p><p>• ______: Darwin’s Finches: Divergent Evolution/Adaptive Radiation</p><p>• ______: Chromosome number & structure • ______NOTE: THE BEST WAY TO ID SPECIES!</p><p>– Similar DNA sequences, similar proteins! DNA-DNA ______takes heated DNA from two species and determines how well they will match up. DNA sequencing, ______(gives time species diverged.)</p><p>______– the evolutionary history of a species, not just physical similarities.</p><p>• Often called Evolutionary Classification. A system of classification on this basis is called phylogenetic. </p><p>• One system based upon this is ______.</p><p>• When groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics called ______or traits.</p><p>• Cladograms are like pedigrees. Branches that are closer to one another share a more recent ______than those farther away.</p><p>The Six Kingdom System</p><p>1. ______. Include prokaryotes without membrane bound nuclei. Microscopic. Unicellular Cell Walls without peptidoglycan. Autotrophs or Heterotrophs (Chemosynthetic & Photosynthetic) Oldest fossils are 3.5 Billion years old and can live in extreme environments without Oxygen</p><p>2. ______. Are prokaryotes that have very strong cell walls. Microscopic Unicellular. Heterotrophs. Autotrophs. Live in most habitats except extremes where archaebacteria live. Some cause disease, most are harmless and/or helpful. These 2 kingdoms are called Monera & make up the most amount of biodiversity.</p><p>3. ______. Eukaryotic: Means “very first” meaning they were the first eukaryotes. Lacks complex organ systems, 10,000 known species, lives in moist environments. Oldest fossils are 2 billion years old. Both Unicellular & Multicellular! Can be plant-like autotrophs, animal-like heterotrophs, or fungus-like heterotrophs.</p><p>Very diverse kingdom, a hodgepodge of eukaroytic organisms that did not fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms.</p><p>4. ______. Unicellular & Multicellular. Heterotrophs only! Does not move place to place. Absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment. Oldest fossils are 400 million years old and 100,000 known species.</p><p>5. ______. Multicellular only! Autotrophs, Photosynthetic, Eukaryotes. Do not move place to place. Contain Chloroplasts & Cell Walls made of Cellulose. Oldest fossils are 400 million years old. 500,000 known species. Have organized tissues that make up organs and organ systems. </p><p>6. ______. Multicellular only, Heterotrophs Carnivores : meat only Herbivores : plants only Omnivores : meat and plants. Eukaryotes! Oldest fossils are 600 million years old. 1.5 Million known species (maybe 20x that number unknown)</p><p>How do we Classify Organisms?</p><p>• We can create ______– a set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. </p>