<p> Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1 Ecology 1. When the sun heats liquid water on Earth, it changes to water vapor in the process of ______. 2. ______is when water enters a plant in the liquid form and is released in vapor form during the process of photosynthesis and respiration. 3. ______, ______, and ______are recycled in the environment, but energy is not. 4. A chemical substance that an organism requires to live is called a(an) ______. 5. Give an example of something that would increase the amount of CO2 in the air. Decrease? 6. The study of the relationship between living things and the environment is called ______. 7. Which of the following is considered to be an abiotic factor in the environment: water, trees, plants, or animals? 8. ______is when one organism kills and eats another organism for food. 9. What conditions are necessary for a population to have exponential growth? 10. A lone elephant joining another herd of elephants is an example of ______. 11. A natural disaster is classified as a(an) ______limiting factor. 12. True or False? Lack of sunlight is usually the most important factor limiting plant growth on land. 13. 10 alligators per square kilometer is an example of ______. 14. Environmental factors that restrict population growth are called ______. 15. In logistic growth models, growth rate increases as the population size reaches the ______. 16. Give an example of a density-dependent factor. 17. Explain how a density-dependent factor, such as food supply, affect the carrying capacity of a habitat. 18. An organism that cannot synthesize its own organic molecules is called a ______. 19. Which of the following is not considered to be an autotroph: plant, algae, photosynthetic bacteria, or mushroom? 20. In energy pyramids, which trophic level contains the largest amounts of usable energy? 21. A bear that eats a bass that eats a minnow that eats algae is an example of a ______. 22. ______is an organism that must look for and then feed on organic molecules found in the environment. 23. ______, such as bacteria and fungi, feed on and breakdown organic matter. 24. What is each step in a food chain or food web called? 25. What is the main source of energy for all life on Earth? 26. About how much of the energy within any level of a food chain is available to the next level? 27. What type of ecosystem forms when a freshwater source meets the ocean? 28. What is the layer of freshwater or salt water ecosystems that receives the most sunlight called? 29. ______succession will begin in an area that has no soil. 30. An area that has been destroyed by events such as fire, severe weather, or volcanism will go through ______succession. 31. What is the term for when one community gradually replaces another community over time? 32. A resource that can regenerate and is therefore replaceable is called what? 33. What is a fossil fuel? 34. Relate the burning of fossil fuels to CO2 production and global warming. 35. Give 2 examples of nonrenewable resources. 36. What is global warming? 37. The sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere is called what? 38. ______are populations that are introduced into a new habitat and reproduce rapidly. Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1 39. Development can split a habitat into smaller parts, in effect known as ______. 40. What is the biggest threat to biodiversity today? 41. A way of using resources at a rate that does not deplete them is called ______. 42. A harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the air, land, or water is called what? 43. What is the term for the loss of forests? 44. When pollutants enter the air and combine with water vapor, the result is ______.</p><p>Biochemistry 1. What inorganic molecule is necessary for life to exist? 2. Match the characteristic of water with its description ___ hydrogen bonds are as close as they get at 4°C A. Water is a polar solvent ___ Type of bonds within water molecules B. Water absorbs a lot of heat without changing ___ specific heat ___ High Boiling Point C. hydrogen bonds absorb a huge amount of heat before they change from a liquid to a gas D. Water is made of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms Match the macromolecule with its monomer ___ carbohydrate A. amino acid ___ DNA & RNA B. sugar ___ lipid C. nucleotide ___ protein D. no specific monomer</p><p>3. A monomer is a small unit that is repeated over and over in a ______, these large molecules are the macromolecules of life. The monomers of starches are ______. Starches can have the function of ______like the cellulose that makes up cell walls, or ______like </p><p> glycogen that is stored in the liver. The simple sugar ______(C6H12O6)is used for immediate energy and for the carbon skeleton to make other macromolecules. </p><p>4. Lipids are always ______, meaning that they are repelled by water. Often these molecules are called hydrophobic because of this reaction to water. </p><p>5. Match the macromolecule to the correct elements and ratios ___ carbohydrate A. C, H, O, N, & S no P (peptide bonds)</p><p>___ DNA & RNA B. CH2O (monosaccharides) ___ lipid C. C, H, O, N, & P no S (nitrogenous bases) ___ protein D. C, H, O no particular ratio (fatty acids) 6. A molecule that makes a reaction occur faster without being changed by the reaction is a(n) ______. A protein that decreases the activation energy of a reaction is called a(n) ______. These protein molecules allow reactions needed for life to occur at temperatures near ______temperature. The reactants on which these proteins work are called ______. Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1</p><p>The Cell Cycle 1. List the three principles that are a part of the cell theory. 2. What did each of the following contribute to our knowledge of cells? How did their contributions lead to the development of the Cell Theory? a) Robert Hooke b) Anton van Leeuwenhoek c) Schleiden d) Schwann e) Virchow 3. List the structures found in a typical prokaryotic cell.</p><p>4. What type of organism is made up of prokaryotic cells?</p><p>5. How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells? 6. List all the organelles found in plant cells but not in animal cells. 7. List all the organelles found in animal cells but not in plant cells. 8. Identify the structure and function of the following organelles: a) chloroplasts b) endoplasmic reticulum c) Golgi body d) lysosomes e) mitochondria f) nucleus g) plasma (cell) membrane h) ribosomes 9. Using the diagram below, identify the following numbered parts: #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12</p><p>10. Sketch a portion of the plasma membrane and label the parts. 11. List the type of substances than can pass through the plasma membrane easily. Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1</p><p>12. Define the following terms: a) diffusion b) osmosis c) passive transport d) active transport </p><p>13. Using the following diagram, explain the process that is shown. Start  After 30 minutes</p><p>14. Using the following diagram, describe what will happen to the bag if it is will ONLY allow water to move through it. (Will the bag increase in size, decrease in size or stay the same size?) Explain why.</p><p>15. What term would best describe the process occurring below? (Choices include diffusion, osmosis or active transport). Explain why the water level is higher on the right side.</p><p>Start  After 30 minutes</p><p>16. What is "active transport"?</p><p>17. How does active transport differ from passive transport? Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1</p><p>18. Identify each of the following as either active transport, osmosis or diffusion: a) A bottle of cologne is left open in the morning. By the end of the day, your entire house smells like the cologne. b) Water moves from the soil into the root cells of a plant. c) The cell uses ATP to transport potassium ions into the cell from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration. 19. What is the cell cycle? 20. Identify what occurs during each of the following stages of the cell cycle: a) G1 b) S c) G2 d) M e) Cytokinesis 21. Sketch a diagram of the cell cycle and label all the parts. 22. Cell division is a result of mitosis and cytokinesis. a) How many cells are produced if one cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis? b) Are the "daughter" cells genetically identical or different from the parent cell? c) Does the chromosome number in the daughter cells remain the same or is it different from the parent cell? d) What kinds of cells normally undergo mitosis? 23. Explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells? 24. How does meiosis different from mitosis? Explain your answer in terms of ... a) How many cells are produced from the one parent cell? b) Are the cells produced genetically identical or different from the parent cell? c) Does the chromosome number remain the same or is it different? d) What kinds of cells are produced from meiosis? 25. What is "crossing over"? a) Explain why the process of "crossing over" is an important event during meiosis. b) Using coloring pencils make a sketch which shows this process. 26. What is "independent assortment"? a) Explain why “independent assortment" is an important event during meiosis? b) Using coloring pencils make a sketch which shows this process.</p><p>Cellular Energetics 1. What is ATP? a) What do the letters A-T-P mean? b) What is the function of ATP? c) How does ATP perform this function? d) How is ATP produced in the cell? e) Where does ATP store energy? 2. Describe the process of cellular respiration? a) Write the word equation for cellular respiration. Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1 b) What are the reactants (the substances that are needed)? c) What are the products (the substances that are produced)? d) Other than in the cytoplasm, where does cellular respiration occur (name the organelle)? e) Explain why cellular respiration is an AEROBIC process.</p><p>3. Describe the process of photosynthesis? a) Write the word equation for photosynthesis. b) What are the reactants (the substances that are needed)? c) What are the products (the substances that are produced)? d) Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?</p><p>4. Explain how photosynthesis is different from cellular respiration? 5. Explain why cellular respiration is dependent on photosynthesis? 6. What is ANAEROBIC respiration? 7. Describe how and where the following examples of anaerobic respiration occur: a) lactic acid fermentation b) alcoholic fermentation</p><p>Mendelian Genetics 1. Explain the principle of dominance. 2. Explain the following inheritance patterns a. dominant b. recessive c. sex-linked genes. d. polygenic trait e. multiple alleles 3. Explain the principle of Probability. 4. What is a mutation? 5. Explain how mutations and genetic shuffling are the ultimate sources of genetic variation? 6. Explain the process of crossing over. What information can be obtained by using a pedigree? 7. Explain the principle of independent assortment. 8. Why are sex linked traits expressed more frequently in males than in females? 9. What are karyotypes used for? 10. How can the environment affect genetic expression? 11. How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation?</p><p>Molecular Genetics 1. In almost all cases, polypeptides are synthesized on what organelle? 2. The difference between DNA and RNA is defined by the presence in RNA of 3. The components of DNA are 4. If the sequence of nucleotides on one side of a DNA molecule are ATGC, the correct sequence on the opposite side of the DNA molecule is 5. The DNA sequence CAG would be transcribed to mRNA as 6. Each of the different kinds of tRNA molecules attach to a particular Biology 1 Exam Review Semester 1</p><p>7. Complete the following table to answer questions 7-9 Amino Acid | DNA code | mRNA | tRNA__ | alanine | CGA | | CGA | | glycine | CCT | | | | leucine | GAA | CUU | | | valine | CAA | | | </p><p>8. The mRNA codon for glycine is 9. The tRNA anticodon for valine is 10. The correct mRNA sequence representing the addition of alanine and then leucine to a protein is 11. How many bases must a gene contain to code a protein composed of 100 amino acids? 12. Nitrogenous bases are the basic subunits of which ______are composed. 13. In a DNA molecule, ______pairs with cytosine and ______pairs with thymine. 14. During DNA ______, the molecule unzips and exposed nucleotides join with other, specific nucleotides present in the nucleus. 15. A single ______synthesizes a polypeptide or protein. 16. Each ______molecule corresponds to an amino acid. 17. A tRNA molecule with an anticodon of AGA would match up with an mRNA codon of ______. 18. ______molecules can be reused after a protein has been synthesized. 19. In a ______mutation, one or more nucleotides is added to or deleted from a gene so that the enzymes that translate the protein begins reading the wrong sequence and the resulting protein has many different amino acids in its sequence. 20. Organisms that have had genes from other organisms inserted into them are called ______organisms or GMOs. 21. List three reasons GMOs are used in agricultural crops 22. Match the term with the correct description ___ period of the cell cycle in which normal growth occurs A. oncogenes ___ period of the cell cycle in which new DNA is made B. protooncogenes ___ period of the cell cycle in preparation for mitosis C. tumor suppressor genes ___ period of the cell cycle in which genetic material is distributed to D. G0 daughter cells E. G1 ___ genes that normally slow down the progression of the cell cycle F. G2 ___ inactive genes that can increase the rate of the cell cycle G. mitosis ___active genes that accelerate the cell cycle during cancer H. S</p>