<p> Appendix. Basic information on studies used in meta-analysis. Plant species and class (CL; A, Angiospermae; G, Gymnospermae); herbivore species, family, sub-guild (SG; P, phloem feeder; X, xylem feeder; M, mesophyll feeder; E, epidermal feeder), and specialization (SP; S, specialist; G, generalist); type of the experiment (EX; G, greenhouse; F, field); measured plant parts and types of response variables (A, area; B, biomass; L, linear size; N, number of organs; P, photosynthetic rate; C, chlorophyll content) and references for the studies used in the meta- analysis.</p><p>Plant species CL Insect species Insect family SG SP EX Plant parts and variables References root (B), shoot (B), leaf (A, Whittaker and Warrington Acer pseudoplatanus A Drepanosiphum platanoides Aphididae P S F B) (1985) Acer pseudoplatanus A Drepanosiphum platanoides Aphididae P S G leaf (A) Wellings and Dixon (1987) Acer pseudoplatanus A Drepanosiphum platanoides Aphididae P S G entire plant (B), leaf (A) Dixon (1971a) Acer saccharum A Taeniothrips inconsequens Thripidae E G G leaf (A) Kolb et al. (1991) Carya illinoensis A Monelliopsis nigropunctata Aphididae P G G stem (L, B), root (B), leaf (C) Tedders et al. (1982) Carya illinoensis A Monellia caryella Aphididae P S G stem (L, B), root (B), leaf (C) Tedders et al. (1982) Carya illinoensis A Melanocallis caryaefoliae Aphididae P S G stem (L, B), root (B), leaf (C) Tedders et al. (1982) Carya illinoensis A Monelliopsis pecanis Aphididae P S F fruit (B), leaf(C) Tedders and Wood (1985) Carya illinoensis A Monellia caryella Aphididae P S F fruit (B), leaf (C) Tedders and Wood (1985) Pseudococci- leaf (A, B), stem (B, L), root Colliguayana odorifera A Planococcus citri dae P G F (B) Mills (1984) Eucalyptus blakelyi A Cardiaspina albitextura Psyllidae P S F leaf (B) Cunningham et al. (2009) leaf (A, B), stem (B), root Eucalyptus blakelyi A Eriococcus coriaceus Eriococcidae P S G (B) Vranjic and Ash (1997) leaf (A, B), stem (B, L), root Eucalyptus blakelyi A Eriococcus coriaceus Eriococcidae P S G (B) Vranjic and Gullan (1990) leaf (A, B), stem (B, L), root Euonymus fortunei A Unaspis euonymi Diaspididae P G F (B) Cockfield and Potter (1987) Euonymus fortunei A Unaspis euonymi Diaspididae P G G stem (L), leaf (B), root (B) Cockfield and Potter (1986) Euphorbia pyrifolia A Icerya seychellarum Margarodidae P G F leaf (N) Newbery (1980a) Gossypium hirsutum A Thrips tabaci Thripidae E G F leaf (A, P), fruit (N, B) Lei and Wilson (2004) Rummel and Quisenberry Gossypium hirsutum A Frankliniella sp. Thripidae E G F leaf (A), fruit (B) (1979) Gossypium hirsutum A Aphis gossypii Aphididae P G G leaf (P) Shannag et al. (1998)</p><p>1 aboveground (B), stem (B, Gossypium hirsutum A Aphis gossypii Aphididae P G G L, N), leaf (B), fruit (B,N) Rosenheim et al. (1997) Guaiacum sanctum A Toumeyella sp. Coccidae P G G leaf (A, B, C, P) Schaffer and Mason (1990) Lagerstroemia indica A Homalodisca coagulata Cicadellidae X G F stem (L) Andersen et al. (2003) stem (L, B), leaf (N, B, P), Macfadyena unguis-cati A Carvalhotingis visenda Tingidae M G G root (B) Conrad and Dhileepan (2007) Macfadyena unguis-cati A Carvalhotingis visenda Tingidae M G G leaf (C) Dhileepan et al. (2007) aboveground (B), root (B), Malus domestica A Aphis pomi Aphididae P G G stem (N, L), leaf (B, N) Kaakeh et al. (1993a) aboveground (B), root (B), Malus domestica A Aphis spiraecola Aphididae P G G stem (N, L), leaf (B, N) Kaakeh et al. (1993a) Malus domestica A Aphis spiraecola Aphididae P G G leaf (C, P) Kaakeh et al. (1993b) Malus domestica A Aphis pomi Aphididae P G G leaf (P) Hugentobler (1990) Malus domestica A Magicicada sp. Cicadidae X G F stem (L) Karban (1982) Malus domestica A Typhlocyba pomaria Cicadellidae M G G leaf (P) Marshall et al. (1942) Malus domestica A Erythroneura spp. Cicadellidae M G G leaf (P) Marshall et al. (1942) Malus domestica A Empoasca fabae Cicadellidae M G G leaf (P) Marshall et al. (1942) Melaleuca quinquenervia A Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Psyllidae P S G leaf (C) Morath et al. (2006) Melaleuca quinquenervia A Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Psyllidae P S F stem (L, B) Franks et al. (2006) Melaleuca quinquenervia A Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Psyllidae P S F leaf (N, B), stem (L) Center et al. (2007) Myrica faya A Sophonia rufofascia Cicadellidae P G F stem (B, L), leaf (A, B, N) Jones et al. (2000) Picea alba G Cinara pilicornis Aphididae P S F stem (L) Holopainen et al. (1993) Picea sitchensis G Elatobium abietinum Aphididae P S G root (A, N) Day and Cameron (1997) Picea sitchensis G Elatobium abietinum Aphididae P S F stem (L) Straw et al. (1998) Picea sitchensis G Pachypappa sp. Pemphigidae P S F stem (L) Straw et al. (1998) Pinus concorta G Leptoglossus occidentalis Coreidae X G F seed (N) Strong et al. (2001) Pinus edulis G Matsucoccus acalyptus Margarodidae M S F stem (L) Schuster et al. (2005) Pinus sylvestris G Cinara pinea Aphididae P S F needle (B), stem (B), root (B) Neuvonen et al. (1992) Pinus sylvestris G Schizolachnus pineti Aphididae P S F needle (B), stem (B), root (B) Neuvonen et al. (1992) Pinus sylvestris G Cinara pilosa Aphididae P S F needle (B), stem (B), root (B) Neuvonen et al. (1992) Pinus taeda G Cinara atlantica Aphididae P S G stem (L) Zaleski et al. (2005)</p><p>2 Pinus taeda G Cinara atlantica Aphididae P S G stem (L) Fox and Griffith (1977) Prunus persica A Myzus persicae Aphididae P G F fruit (B) Sacchetti and Niccoli (1995) Prunus persica A Myzus persicae Aphididae P G F leaf (N), fruit (N) Grechi et al. (2008) Pseudotsuga menziesii G Cinara pseudotsugae Aphididae P S G aboveground (B), root (B) Smith and Schowalter (2001) Psidium guajava A Sophonia rufofascia Cicadellidae P G F fruit (B), leaf (C) Jones et al. (1998) Quercus ilicifolia A Magicicada sp. Cicadidae X G F seed (N, B), root (B) Karban (1985) Rhus glabra A Melaphis rhois Aphididae P S F leaf (P) Larson (1998) Salix myrsinifolia A Pterocomma salicis Aphididae P S F stem (L) Sipura (2002) Salix phylicifolia A Pterocomma salicis Aphididae P S F stem (L) Sipura (2002) Salix viminalis A Tuberolachnus salignus Aphididae P S G stem (B), root (B), leaf (P) Collins et al. (2001) Salix viminalis A Pterocomma salicis Aphididae P S G stem (B), root (B) Collins et al. (2001) Scaevola taccada A Icerya seychellarum Margarodidae P G F leaf (A), root (B) Newbery (1980b) Tilia x vulgaris A Eucallipterus tiliae Aphididae P S G leaf (A, N), entire plant (B) Dixon (1971b) Vitis labruscana A Lygocoris inconspicuous Miridae M S F fruit (B, N) Rhainds et al. (2002) Vitis vinifera A Empoasca vitis Cicadellidae P G F fruit (N, B), leaf (N, B, P) Candolfi et al. (1993) aboveground (B), root (B), Vitis vinifera A Viteus vitifoliae Phylloxeridae P S G leaf (C) Omer et al. (1995) Vitis vinifera A Viteus vitifoliae Phylloxeridae P S G leaf (C) Blanchfield et al. (2006)</p><p>3 References</p><p>Andersen PC, Brodbeck BV, Mizell III RF (2003) Plant and insect characteristics in response to increasing density of Homalodisca coagulata on three host species: a quantification of assimilate extraction. Entomol Exp Appl 107:57-68 Blanchfield AL, Robinson SA, Renzullo L, Powell KS (2006) Phylloxera-infested grapevines have reduced chlorophyll and increased photoprotective pigment content - can leaf pigment composition aid pest detection? Funct Plant Biol 33:507-514 Candolfi MP, Jermini M, Carrera E, Candolfi-Vasconcelos MC (1993) Grapevine leaf gas exchange, plant growth, yield, fruit quality and carbohydrate reserves influenced by the grape leafhopper, Empoasca vitis. Entomol Exp Appl 69:289-296 Center TD, Pratt PD, Tipping PW, Rayamajhi MB, Van TK, Wineriter SA, Allen Dray F (2007) Initial impacts and field validation of host range for Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), a biological control agent of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake (Myrtales: Myrtaceae: Leptospermoideae). Environ Entomol 36:569-576 Cockfield SD, Potter DA (1986) Interaction of Euonymus scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) feeding damage and severe water stress on leaf abscission and growth of Euonymus fortunei. Oecologia 71:41-46 Cockfield SD, Potter DA (1987) Distribution, development, and feeding impact of Euonymus scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Euonymus fortunei under greenhouse conditions. J Econ Entomol 16:917-921 Collins CM, Rosado RG, Leather SR (2001) The impact of the aphids Tuberolachnus salignus and Pterocomma salicis on willow trees. Ann Appl Biol 138:133-140 Conrad KA, Dhileepan K (2007) Pre-release evaluation of the efficacy of the leaf-sucking bug Carvalhotingis visenda (Heteroptera: Tingidae) as a biological control agent for cat’s claw creeper Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae). Biocontrol Sci Techn 17:303-311 Cunningham SA, Pullen KR, Colloff MJ (2009) Whole-tree sap flow is substantially diminished by leaf herbivory. Oecologia 158:633-640 Day KR, Cameron A (1997) Effect of contemporary infestation by the spruce aphid (Elatobium abietinum) on root growth in Sitka spruce transplants. Forestry 70:1-5 Dhileepan K, Trevin o M, Snow EL (2007) Specificity of Carvalhotingis visenda (Hemiptera: Tingidae) as a biological control agent for cat’s claw creeper Macfadyena unguis-cati (Bignoniaceae) in Australia. Biol Control 41:283-290 Dixon AFG (1971a) The role of aphids in wood formation. I. The effect of the sycamore aphid, </p><p>4 Drepanosiphum platanoides (Schr.) (Ahididae), on the growth of sycamore, Acer pseudoplatanus (L.). J Appl Ecol 8:165-179 Dixon AFG (1971b) The role of aphids in wood formation. II. The effect of the lime aphid, Eucallipterus tiliae L. (Aphididae), on the growth of lime, Tilia × vulgaris Hayne. J Appl Ecol 8:393-399 Fox RC, Griffith KH (1977) Pine seedling growth loss caused by cinaran aphids in South Carolina. J Georgia Entomol Soc 12:29-34 Franks SJ, Kral AM, Pratt PD (2006) Herbivory by introduced insects reduces growth and survival of Melaleuca quinquenervia seedlings. Environ Entomol 35:366-372 Grechi I, Sauge M-H, Sauphanor B, Hilgert N, Senoussi R, Lescourret F (2008) How does winter pruning affect peach tree – Myzus persicae interaction? Entomol Exp Appl 128:369-379 Holopainen JK, Mustaniemi A, Kainulainen P, Satka H, Oksanen J (1993) Conifer aphids in an air- polluted environment. 1. Aphid density, growth and accumulation of sulfur and nitrogen by Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings. Environ Pollut 80:185-191 Hugentobler U (1990) Interaktionen zwischen Apfelbäumchen (var. 'Golden delicious') und der grünen Apfelblattlaus Aphis pomi Degeer. (Homoptera: Aphididae). PhD thesis, Eidgenössischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich Jones VP, Follett PA, Messing RH, Borth WB, Hu JS, Ullman DE (1998) Effect of Sophonia rufofascia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on guava production in Hawaii. J Econ Entomol 91:693- 698 Jones VP, Anderson-Wong P, Follett PA, Yang P, Wescot DM, Hu JS, Ullman DE (2000) Feeding damage of the introduced leafhopper Sophonia rufofascia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) to plants in forests and watersheds of the Hawaiian Islands. Environ Entomol 29:171-180 Kaakeh W, Pfeiffer DG, Marini RP (1993a) Effect of Aphis spiraecola and A. pomi (Homoptera, Aphididae) on the growth of young apple trees. Crop Prot 12:141-147 Kaakeh W, Pfeiffer DG, Marini RP (1993b) Combined effects of spirea aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and nitrogen fertilization on net photosynthesis, total chlorophyll content, and greenness of apple leaves. J Econ Entomol 85:939-946 Karban R (1982) Experimental removal of 17-year cicada nymphs and growth of host apple trees. J New York Entomol Soc 40:74-81 Karban R (1985) Addition of periodical cicada nymphs to an oak forest: effects on cicada density, acorn production, and rootlet density. J Kansas Entomol Soc 58:269-276 Kolb TE, McCormick LH, Shumway DL (1991) Physiological responses of pear thrips-damaged sugar maples to light and water stress. Tree Physiol 9:401-413</p><p>5 Larson KC (1998) The impact of two gall-forming arthropods on the photosynthetic rates of their hosts. Oecologia 115:161-166 Lei TT, Wilson LJ (2004) Recovery of leaf area through accelerated shoot ontogeny in thrips- damaged cotton seedlings. Ann Bot 94:179-186 Marshall GE, Childers NF, Brody HW (1942) The effect of leafhopper feeding injury on apparent photosynthesis and transpiration of apple leaves. J Agric Res 65:265-281 Mills JN (1984) Effects of feeding by mealybugs (Planococcus citri, Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) on the growth of Colliguaya odorifera seedlings. Oecologia 64:142-144 Morath SU, Pratt PD, Silvers CS, Center TD (2006) Herbivory by Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) accelerates foliar senescence and abscission in the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia. Environ Entomol 35:1372-1378 Neuvonen S, Routio I, Haukioja E (1992) Combined effects of simulated acid rain and aphid infestation on the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Ann Bot Fen 29:101-106 Newbery DM (1980a) Interactions between the coccid, Icerya seychellarum (Westw) and its host tree species on Aldabra atoll. I. Euphorbia pyrifolia Lam. Oecologia 46:171-179 Newbery DM (1980b) Interactions between the coccid, Icerya seychellarum (Westw) and its host tree species on Aldabra atoll. II. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. Oecologia 46:180-185 Omer AD, Granett J, De Benedictis JA, Walker MA (1995) Effect of fungal root infections on the vigor of grapevines infested by root-feeding grape phylloxera. Vitis 34:165-170 Rhainds M, Taft T, English-Loeb G, Dunst R, Weigle T (2002) Ecology and economic impact of two plant bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) in commercial vineyards. J Econ Entomol 95:354-359 Rosenheim JA, Wilhoit LR, Goodell PB, Grafton-Cardwell EE, Leigh TF (1997) Plant compensation, natural biological control, and herbivory by Aphis gossypii on pre-reproductive cotton: the anatomy of a non-pest. Entomol Exp Appl 85:45-63 Rummel DR, Quisenberry JE (1979) Influence of thrips injury on leaf development and yield of various cotton genotypes. J Econ Entomol 72:706-709 Sacchetti P, Niccoli A (1995) Influenza dell`attaco di Myzus persicae (Sulzer) sulla produzione in un pescheto della toscana. Redia 78:187-197 Schaffer B, Mason LJ (1990) Effects of scale insect herbivory and shading on net gas exchange and growth of a subtropical tree species (Guiacum sanctum L.). Oecologia 84:468-473 Schuster TD, Cobb NS, Whitham TG, Hart SC (2005) Relative importance of environmental stress and herbivory in reducing litter fall in a semiarid woodland. Ecosystems 8:62-72 Shannag HK, Thorvilson H, El-Shatnawi MK (1998) Changes in photosyntheric and transpiration rates of cotton leaves infested with the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii: unrestricted infestation. </p><p>6 Ann Appl Biol 132:13-18 Sipura M (2002) Contrasting effects of ants on the herbivory and growth of two willow species. Ecology 83:2680-2690 Smith JP, Schowalter TD (2001) Aphid-induced reduction of shoot and root growth in Douglas-fir seedlings. Ecol Entomol 26:411-416 Straw NA, Fielding NJ, Green G, Coggan A (1998) The impact of green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker), on the growth of young Sitka spruce in Hafren Forest, Wales: pattern of defoliation and effect on shoot growth. Forest Ecol Manag 104:209-225 Strong WB, Bates SL, Stoehr MU (2001) Feeding by Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) reduces seed set in lodgepole pine (Pinaceae). Can Entomol 133:857-865 Tedders WL, Wood BW (1985) Estimate of the influence of feeding by Monelliopsis pecanis and Monellia caryella (Homoptera: Aphididae) on the fruit, foliage, carbohydrate reserves, and tree productivity of mature “Stuart” pecans. J Econ Entomol 78:642-646 Tedders WL, Wood BW, Wendell Snow J (1982) Effects of feeding by Monelliopsis nigropunctata, Monellia caryella and Melanocallis caryaefoliae on growth of pecan seedlings in the greenhouse. J Econ Entomol 75:287-291 Vranjic JA, Ash JE (1997) Scale insects consistently affect roots more than shoots: the impact of infestation size on growth of eucalypt seedlings. J Ecol 85:143-149 Vranjic JA, Gullan PJ (1990) The effect of a sap-sucking herbivore, Eriococcus coriaceus (Homoptera: Eriococcidae), on seedling growth and architecture in Eucalyptus blakelyi. Oikos 59:157-162 Wellings PW, Dixon AFG (1987) Sycamore aphid numbers and population density. 3. The role of aphid-induced changes in plant quality. J Anim Ecol 56:161-170 Whittaker JB, Warrington S (1985) An experimental field study of different levels of insect herbivory induced by Formica rufa predation on sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). 3. Effects on tree growth. J Appl Ecol 22:797-811 Zaleski SRM, Lazzari SMN, Penteado SDC (2005) Qualitative and quantitative damage by Cinara atlantica (Wilson) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Pinus taeda Linnaeus seedlings (Pinaceae). Rev Bras Zool 22:591-595</p><p>7</p>