<p> IMPORTANT NOTES: KEEP FOREVER!!!!!</p><p>The Parts of Speech and Grammar Definitions 1. A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. a. Proper--name of a specific person, place, thing(George Washington) b. common--is not specific--dog, cat, girl, boy 2. Subject-is the part of a sentence which is doing something or about which something is said. (noun or pronoun)</p><p>3. A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. a. personal pronoun--I,you,he,she,it,we,they b. possessive pronoun--shows ownership- (my,mine, our,ours,his,her,hers,their,its,yours)</p><p>4. A verb is a word that shows action or links words. The verb is the most important word in the predicate of the sentence. Action – shows physical or mental action Alice jumped over the wall. State of being (also called linking verb) expresses a state or condition but does not express action It seems obvious what the answer is. In this climate, a light overcoat is warm enough Helping verbs – helps the main verb express action verb phrase--1 or more helping verbs + main verb Have you ever ridden in a big tractor-trailer truck? I have never heard that song before.</p><p>5. An adjective is a word that alters a noun or pronoun. Answers: what kind? Which one? How many? 6. An adverb is a word that enhances a verb, adjective, adverb, or verbal. ***answer the questions: how? How often? when? where? to what extent? 7. A conjunction is a word or words that join words or groups of words. 8. An interjection is a word or words that interrupt to show emotion or surprise. ***Wow! Would you look at that! 9. Articles: a, an, the 10. The twenty-four helping verbs: do have is was be does has am were been did had are being must may shall could ought might can will should would 11. A phrase is a group of words. 12. A predicate is the verb part of the sentence. IMPORTANT NOTES: KEEP FOREVER!!!!!</p><p>13. Predicate Nominative--a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and explains or identifies the subject of the sentence. (s) (lv) (pn) (pn) Jill is a good worker and a happy preschooler. The tomato(s) is(lv) really a fruit(pn) or berry(pn).</p><p>14. A clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate (verb). 15. A sentence is a group of words that has a capital letter at the start, ending punctuation, a subject and a predicate, and a complete thought. 16. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition, ends with an object, and transforms other words. (Preposition + object of the preposition) ***The huge, wooly dog barked fiercely at the mailman.</p><p>17. A verbal is a word that looks like a verb but is used as a noun or modifier.  An infinitive is a verbal which usually starts with to used as a noun or modifier.  A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing used as a noun in a sentence.  A participle is a verbal that is used as a modifier. 18. A verbal phrase is a group of words containing a verbal that serves as a noun or modifier. 19. An appositive is a noun that explains or defines the word in front of it. 20. An appositive phrase is a group of words containing an appositive that explains or defines words in front of it. 21. A declarative sentence is a statement. 22. An exclamatory sentence exclaims and ends with an exclamation mark. 23. An imperative sentence commands and has the implied subject of you. 24. An interrogative sentence questions and ends with a question mark. 25. A simple sentence is one independent clause. 26. A compound sentence is a sentence that has two or more independent clauses (IC) joined in one of three ways: first, with a comma plus a coordinating conjunction; second, with a semi-colon; or third, with a dash. 27. A complex sentence is a sentence containing at least one independent and at least one dependent clause. 28. A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.</p><p>The Definitions for the Elements of a Short Story, Play, or Novel 1. plot summary: sequential summary of story 2. conflict: struggle between protagonist & antagonist  protagonist: main character around whom conflict revolves  antagonist: force opposing protagonist  climax: part of story of greatest emotional tension when major conflict resolved* 3. theme: implied message intended by author IMPORTANT NOTES: KEEP FOREVER!!!!!</p><p>4. characterization: description of main character’s personality traits 5. setting: description of time & place story occurs 6. exposition: introductory part which creates tone, gives setting, & introduces characters (*A climax is that part of the story in which the rising action reaches its highest emotional point [sometimes referred to as the crisis], often resulting in a resolution of a major conflict, and beginning the falling action of the story.)</p>