<p> Chemical Reactions</p><p>- The essence of chemical reactions is the making of a new substance, through a chemical process. - Mass is conserved in a chemical reaction. The mass of the reactants, the amounts of the reactants, must equal the mass or amounts of products. (______) - This means that ______are formed by the rearranging of ______to make a new substance</p><p>- All chemical reactions are based upon energy. If there is enough energy, the reaction goes; if not, the reaction does not occur.</p><p> o 95% of all reactions will go to completion (REACTANTS to PRODUCTS) o These reactions are considered SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS</p><p>Where does the energy come from?</p><p>- Internal </p><p>- External</p><p>What state will cause the greatest reaction?</p><p>- When something is unstable it will react to create a stable substance o Disorder Order o This change of disorder to order arrangement is called Entropy</p><p>State of a Reaction</p><p>Solid Liquid Gas</p><p>Ordered Disorder</p><p>Least Reactive Most Reactive</p><p>- Due to the fact gases are difficult to control, we prefer to use liquids - Since you cannot really “liquefy” solids, without a lot of energy, we dissolve them in water to form a more reactive solution, as the particles are spread out, and the reaction will occur faster.</p><p>The Mechanism for Chemical Change</p><p>Read p. 109 – 110. Take notes on Kinetic Molecular Theory, how the Kinetic Molecular Theory relates to the Collision (Reaction) Theory and chemical reactions occurring. Chemical Equations</p><p>The chemical reaction is the recipe. The chemical equation shows the ingredients; it shows the formulas of the reactants and the resulting products.</p><p>Example</p><p>Chemical Reaction</p><p>Chemical Equation</p><p>REACTANTS PRODUCTS</p><p>(s) – (aq) – (l) – (g) – </p><p>Ex. 2</p><p>Hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce water.</p><p>Why do we need to balance the equation? Rules of Balancing Equations</p><p>1. </p><p>2.</p><p>3.</p><p>Examples</p><p>Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)</p><p>Iodine crystals react with hydrogen gas to produce hydrogen iodide.</p><p>Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)</p><p>Lead (II) nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to produce lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate. Balancing Chemical Equations</p><p>Balance the following equations. For the chemical reactions, write out the formulas and the chemical equation, and balance.</p><p>1. BaCl2(aq) + CuSO4(aq) CuCl2(aq) + BaSO4(s)</p><p>2. Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)</p><p>3. Iron (III) chloride reacts with barium carbonate to produce iron (III) carbonate and barium chloride.</p><p>4. CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq)</p><p>5. Na(s) + O2(g) Na2O(s)</p><p>6. Potassium chlorate breaks down to produce potassium chloride and oxygen gas.</p><p>7. Copper metal reacts with a solution of silver (I) nitrate to produce silver metal and copper (II) nitrate.</p><p>8. Na(s) + H2O(l) NaOH(aq) + H2(g) Types of Chemical Reactions</p><p>There are 5 types of reactions:</p><p>1. Synthesis 2. Decomposition 3. Single Displacement 4. Double Displacement 5. Combustion</p><p>Read the pages 114 – 139. Define each of the above reactions, give an example for each.</p><p>Determining whether a chemical reaction takes place</p><p>There are several diagnostic tests that can be done. </p><p>Using the lab results below, and some internet resources:</p><p>1. How can we determine whether a chemical reaction has taken place? 2. What are the basic diagnostic tests used? Chemical Reactions</p><p>For each of the reactions, you will need to:  record the physical properties of the reactants  record your observations, before during and after the reaction  state what type of reaction  how you know a reaction took place  balance the equations for each experiment</p><p>1. Reaction of hydrogen peroxide and yeast</p><p>***Yeast is used as a catalyst to speed up the reaction</p><p>H2O2(aq) H2O(l) + ______</p><p>Physcial Properties During Reaction After Reaction How do you know a reaction took place?</p><p>What type of reaction is this? ______</p><p>Bonus Information 2. Magnesium and hydrochloric acid</p><p>Mg(s) + HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)</p><p>Physcial Properties During Reaction After Reaction How do you know a reaction took place?</p><p>What type of reaction is this? ______</p><p>Bonus Information</p><p>3. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and citric acid</p><p>NaHCO3 + C6H8O7 C6H5Na3O7 + ____ + H2O</p><p>Physcial Properties During Reaction After Reaction How do you know a reaction took place?</p><p>What type of reaction is this? ______Bonus Information</p><p>4. Lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide solutions</p><p>Lead (II) nitrate and potassium iodide solutions react to produce a precipitate of lead (II) iodide and potassium nitrate solution.</p><p>Physcial Properties During Reaction After Reaction How do you know a reaction took place?</p><p>What type of reaction is this? ______</p><p>Bonus Information</p><p>BONUS REACTION – Hydrolysis of water</p>