<p> 1 Conservation issues at Pompeii and Herculaneum Dr Louise Zarmati, University of Western Sydney ______</p><p>Part 1: Recovery • Rebuilding & Reconstruction • Restoration and Repair Conservation. Part 2: Examples</p><p>Part 3: Sample exam question ______Part 1: Processes </p><p>1. Recovery </p><p>2. Rebuilding and Reconstruction</p><p>3. Restoration and Repair</p><p>4. Conservation ______1. Recovery </p><p>What is ‘Recovery’?</p><p>• Different processes of ‘excavation’</p><p>• Changed over time</p><p>• From tunnelling, to digging to systematic excavation</p><p>• 200 years</p><p>• Different methods at Pompeii and Herculaneum</p><p>______</p><p>Giuseppe Fiorelli Director, 1863-67 </p><p>______</p><p>2. Rebuilding & Reconstruction </p><p>What is ‘Rebuilding’?</p><p>• Rebuilding - more meaningful to visitors</p><p>• Began with Spinazzola –Via dell’Abbondanza 2 • Continued by Maiuri </p><p>• Herculaneum – Fascist period ‘New Excavations’ </p><p>• Pompeii – Villa of the Mysteries </p><p>______</p><p>Amedeo Maiuri, Director 1924-61 </p><p>______</p><p>Houses excavated and rebuilt during Fascist period </p><p>• House of the Menander</p><p>• House of the Surgeon </p><p>• Villa of the Mysteries ______Herculaneum </p><p>• Plundering, 1782</p><p>• Tunnels</p><p>• ‘New Excavations’ from 1927</p><p>• ‘Open-air museum’</p><p>• Huge funds from Mussolini’s Fascist government</p><p>• 50% rebuilt</p><p>• Maiuri influenced by Knossos?</p><p>______</p><p>House of the Telephus Relief </p><p>______</p><p>3. Restoration 3 What is ‘Restoration’?</p><p>• ‘The act of returning something to its former condition’.</p><p>• Process of mending, fixing or repairing buildings that have deteriorated or collapsed.</p><p>• Can apply to buildings that had been recovered and rebuilt.</p><p>• Restoring houses that had been rebuilt in 1930s .</p><p>• Schola Armaturarum* (aka ‘House of the Gladiators’) </p><p>______</p><p>4. Conservation </p><p>What is ‘Conservation’?</p><p>• Prevention of decay, waste, or loss; preservation </p><p>• Stopping or slowing down process of deterioration.</p><p>• Herculaneum Conservation nightmare, 2000 </p><p>______</p><p>Herculaneum Conservation Project </p><p>• Joint project between Soprintendenza, British School in Rome and Packard Humanities Institute</p><p>• Problems: How to conserve? What to conserve first? How to present to the public? Villa of the Papyri - to dig or not to dig? </p><p>______</p><p>Example: Villa of the Mysteries </p><p>1. 1909 – Recovery</p><p>2. 1929 – Recovery, Rebuild, Restore</p><p>3. 2014 – Conservation 4</p><p>______</p><p>Villa of the Mysteries, Conservation, 2014 </p><p>• See article in Archaeology Magazine, March/April 2014 </p><p>______5</p><p>Summary </p><p>• 1910 – 24 – Spinazzola - Via dell’ Abbondanza – Recover, Rebuild, Reconstruct</p><p>• 1924 – 61- Maiuri – interpret for the public - Recover, Rebuild, Reconstruct</p><p>______</p><p>• 1960s – ‘80s – Restore, Repair & Conserve</p><p>• 2000s – Restore, Repair & Conserve </p><p>______</p><p>Using what you have learnt today... to practise an HSC examination response. </p><p>3 Investigating, reconstructing and preserving the past </p><p>• changing methods and contributions of nineteenth and twentieth century archaeologists to our understanding of Pompeii and Herculaneum.</p><p>• changing interpretations: impact of new research and technologies. </p><p>• issues of conservation and reconstruction: Italian and international contributions and responsibilities; impact of tourism. </p><p>• ethical issues: study and display of human remains.</p><p>______</p><p>Sample Question (10 marks) </p><p>With reference to Source D and your own knowledge, explain how reconstruction and tourism in the twentieth century have led to conservation problems today at Pompeii and Herculaneum. </p>