Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2014 UTILIZING DIELECTROPHORESIS TO DETERMINE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS Tayloria Nicole Gail Adams Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons, and the Chemical Engineering Commons Copyright 2014 Tayloria Nicole Gail Adams Recommended Citation Adams, Tayloria Nicole Gail, "UTILIZING DIELECTROPHORESIS TO DETERMINE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/855 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Commons, and the Chemical Engineering Commons UTILIZING DIELECTROPHORESIS TO DETERMINE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS By Tayloria Nicole Gail Adams A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Chemical Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Tayloria N.G. Adams This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Chemical Engineering. Department of Chemical Engineering Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Adrienne Minerick Committee Member: Dr. Caryn Heldt Committee Member: Dr. Feng Zhao Committee Member: Dr. Chang K. Choi Department Chair: Dr. S. Komar Kawatra In loving memory of Jonah Adams Jr. A father is respected because he gives his children leadership. Appreciated because he gives his children care. Valued because he gives his children time. Loved because he gives his children the one thing they treasure most himself. --Anonymous TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ............................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ........................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ....................................................................................................... xvii Preface .................................................................................................................. xix Acknowledgement ................................................................................................ xxi List of Publications ............................................................................................ xxiii Abstract .............................................................................................................. xxiv Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation: Stem Cell Therapy and Diabetes Mellitus ...................................... 1 1.2 Successful hMSC Therapies and Insulin Producing MSCs ................................ 5 1.3 Dielectrophoresis and Electrokinetics ................................................................ 8 1.4 Microfluidic Technology .................................................................................. 12 1.5 Dielectrophoretic Microfluidic Devices and Diabetes Treatment .................... 13 1.6 References ......................................................................................................... 15 iv Chapter 2: Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Type 1 Diabetes ................ 24 2.1 Key Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ....................................... 24 2.1.1 hMSC Self-Renewal, Differentiation Potential and Trophic Activity ........ 25 2.1.2 hMSC Morphology ..................................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Elastin-Like Polypeptide Polyethyleneimine .............................................. 29 2.1.4 hMSCs Surface Biosurface Markers ........................................................... 29 2.1.5 hMSCs Mechanical Properties .................................................................... 33 2.1.6 hMSC Electrical Properties......................................................................... 36 2.2 Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Separation Technology .............................. 38 2.2.1 Research Motivation Statement .................................................................. 38 2.2.2 Fluorescent and Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting for Cell Separation....... 39 2.2.3 Density Centrifugation and Membrane Filtration ....................................... 44 2.3 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus .................................................................................. 46 2.3.1 Definition .................................................................................................... 46 2.3.2 hMSCs as a Type 1 Diabetes Treatment Option ......................................... 50 2.4 Conclusions....................................................................................................... 52 2.4.1 Dielectrophoresis for hMSC Separation ..................................................... 53 2.5 References ......................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 3: Dielectrophoresis Literature Review ............................................... 72 3.1 Brief Overview: hMSC Separation Shortcomings and Research Objectives ... 72 v 3.2 Dielectrophoresis Phenomena .......................................................................... 74 3.2.1 Polarization Mechanisms ............................................................................ 75 3.2.2 Debye Electrical Double Layer ................................................................... 78 3.3 Dielectrophoretic Particle Polarization Model ................................................. 79 3.3.1 Geometry Overview .................................................................................... 79 3.3.2 Homogeneous Sphere DEP Polarization Model ......................................... 79 3.3.3 Core-Shell Spherical DEP Polarization Model ........................................... 83 3.4 Types of Dielectrophoresis Electrode Designs ................................................. 88 3.4.1 Traditional DEP .......................................................................................... 88 3.4.2 Insulator/contactless DEP ........................................................................... 91 3.4.3 Traveling Wave DEP .................................................................................. 92 3.5 Microdevice Dielectrophoretic Applications .................................................... 95 3.5.1 General Applications and Stem Cell Studies .............................................. 95 3.5.2 DEP Studies to Determine Cell Membrane Capacitance ......................... 100 3.6 Conclusions..................................................................................................... 102 Chapter 4: Characterizing the Dielectric Properties of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Effects of Charged Elastin-like Polypeptide Copolymer Treatment ............................................................................................................ 112 4.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 112 4.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 114 4.3 Background ..................................................................................................... 116 vi 4.4 Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 120 4.5 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 126 4.6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 138 4.7 Conflict of Interest .......................................................................................... 140 4.8 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 140 4.9 Journal Article References .............................................................................. 141 4.10 Chapter Reference ........................................................................................ 145 Chapter 5: Frequency Sweep Rate Dependence on the Dielectrophoretic Response of Polystyrene Beads and Red Blood Cells ...................................... 146 5.1 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 146 5.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 147 5.3 Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 153 5.4 Results and Discussion ................................................................................... 156 5.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 165 5.6 Journal Article References .............................................................................. 168 5.7 Chapter Reference .......................................................................................... 173 vii