<p> Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management in the Perioperative Setting: An Updated Report American Society of Anesthesiologists</p><p>Bibliography in Alphabetical Order</p><p>1. Abboud TK, Dror A, Mosaad P, Zhu J, Mantilla M, Swart F, Gangolly J, Silao P, Makar A, Moore J, Davis H, Lee J: Mini-dose intrathecal morphine for the relief of post-cesarean section pain: Safety, efficacy, and ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:137-143 2. Abu-Saad H: Assessing children's response to pain. Pain 1984, 19:163-171 3. Adriaenssens G, Vermeyen KM, Hoffmann VL, Mertens E, Adriaensen HF: Postoperative analgesia with i.v. patient-controlled morphine: effect of adding ketamine. Br J Anaesth 1999, 83:393-396 4. Adu-Gyamfi Y: Epidural morphine plus bupivacaine for relief of post-operative pain following Harrington rod insertion for correction of idiopathic scoliosis. J Int Med Res 1995, 23:211-217 5. Agarwal A, Gautam S, Gupta D, Agarwal S, Singh PK, Singh U: Evaluation of a single preoperative dose of pregabalin for attenuation of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:700-704 6. Aida S, Yamakura T, Baba H, Taga K, Fukuda S, Shimoji K: Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low-dose ketamine and epidural morphine in gastrectomy: a randomized double-blind study. Anesthesiology 2000, 92:1624-1630 7. Ali M, Winter DC, Hanly AM, O'Hagan C, Keaveny J, Broe P: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial of thoracic epidural or patient-controlled opiate analgesia on perioperative quality of life. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:292-297 8. Al-Kaisy A, McGuire G, Chan VW, Bruin G, Peng P, Miniaci A, Perlas A: Analgesic effect of interscalene block using low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:469-473 9. Allen PD, Walman T, Concepcion M, Sheskey M, Patterson MK, Cullen D, Covino BG: Epidural morphine provides postoperative pain relief in peripheral vascular and orthopedic surgical patients: A dose-response study. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:165-170 10. Al-Mujadi H, A-Refai AR, Katzarov MG, Dehrab NA, Batra YK, Al-Qattan AR: Preemptive gabapentin reduces postoperative pain and opioid demand following thyroid surgery. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:268-273 11. Amaranath L, Andrish JT, Gurd AR, Weiker GG, Yoon H: Efficacy of intermittent epidural morphine following posterior spinal fusion in children and adolescents. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1989, 249:223-226 12. Ananthanarayan C, Kashtan H: Pneumothorax after interpleural block in a spontaneously breathing patient. Anesthesia 1990, 45:392, 13. Anderson EA: Preoperative preparation for cardiac surgery facilitates recovery, reduces psychological distress, and reduces the incidence of acute postoperative hypertension. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987, 55:513-520 14. Arunasalam K, Davenport HT, Painter S, Jones JG: Ventilatory response to morphine in young and old subjects. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:529-533 15. Asantila R, Eklund P, Rosenberg PH: Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine and morphine for postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:513-517 16. Aunac S, Carlier M, Singelyn F, De Kock M: The analgesic efficacy of bilateral combined superficial and deep cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:746-750 17. Backlund M, Lindgren L, Kajimoto Y, Rosenberg PH: Comparison of epidural morphine and oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 1997, 9:30-35 18. Bacon AK: An alternative block for post circumcision analgesia. Anaesth Intens Care 1977, 5:63 19. Baghdassarian R, Tansey LA, Martin DC, Shanberg AM: Use of bupivacaine as block to relieve postoperative pain in pediatric orchiopexy and hernia repair. Urology 1986, 27:537-539 20. Bailey AG, Valley RD, Freid EB, Calhoun P: Epidural morphine combined with epidural or intravenous butorphanol for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 1994, 79:340-344 21. Bailey PW, Smith BE: Continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 1980, 35:1002-1006 22. Baker PA, Schroeder D: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative pain during lactation. Anesth Analg 1989, 69:400-402 23. Banning AM, Schmidt JF, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Risbo A: Comparison of oral controlled release morphine and epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:385-388 24. Bardiau, FM, Taviaux NF, Adelin A, Boogaerts JG, Stadler M: An intervention study to enhance postoperative pain management. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:179-185 25. Barnason S, Merboth M, Pozehl B, Teitjen MJ: Utilizing an outcomes appraoch to improve pain mangement by nurses: a pilot study. Clin Nurse Specialist 1998, 12:28-36 26. Barrier G, Attia J, Mayer MN, Amiel-Tison C, Shnider SM: Measurement of post- operative pain and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system. Intensive Care Med 1989, 15:S37-39 27. Barron DJ, Tolan MJ, Lea RE: A randomized controlled trial of continuous extra-pleural analgesia post-thoracotomy: efficacy and choice of local anaesthetic. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999, 16:236-245 28. Bartholdy J, Sperling K, Ibsen M, Eliasen K, Mogensen T: Preoperative infiltration of the surgical area enhances postoperative analgesia of a combined low-dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine regimen after upper abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:262-265 29. Baxter AD, Jennings FO, Harris RS, Flynn JF, Way J: Continuous intercostal blockade after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1987, 59:162-166 30. Baxter AD, Laganiere S, Samson B, McGilveray IJ, Hull K: A dose-response study of nalbuphine for post-thoracotomy epidural analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:175-182 31. Baxter AD, Laganiere S, Samson B, Stewart J, Hull K, Goernert L: A comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1994, 41:184-191 32. Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB: Epidural morphine reduces the risk of post-operative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:532- 541 33. Bellville JW, Forrest WH, Miller E, Brown BW: Influence of age on pain relief from analgesics. JAMA 1971, 217:1835-1841 34. Benlabed M, Ecoffey C, Levron JC, Flaisler B, Gross JB: Analgesia and ventilatory response to CO2 following epidural sufentanil in children. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:948- 951 35. Berde CB, Lehn BM, Yee JD, Sethna NF, Russo D: Patient-controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: A randomized, prospective comparison with intramuscular administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia. J Ped 1991, 118:460-466 36. Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Yang JC, Hempstead J, Spector S: The disposition of morphine in surgical patients. Clin Pharm Ther 1975, 17:629-635 37. Berti M, Casati A, Fanelli G, Albertin A, Palmisano S, Danelli G, Comotti L, Torri G: 0.2% ropivacaine with or without fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major abdominal surgery: a double-blind study. J Clin Anesth 2000, 12:292-297 38. Beyer J, Adadine CR: Patterns of paediatric pain intensity: a methodological investigation of a self-report scale. Clin J Pain 1987, 3:130-141 39. Beyer JE, DeGood DE, Ashley LC, Russell GA: Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery. Pain 1983, 17:71-81 40. Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB: Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. J Pain Sympt Manage 1990, 6:350-356 41. Bilsback P, Rolly G, Tampubolon O: Efficacy of the extradural administration of lofentanil, buprenorphine or saline in the management of postoperative pain: A double- blind study. Br J Anaesth 1985, 57:943-948 42. Binsted RJ: Epidural morphine after caesarean section. Anaesth Intens Care 1983, 11:130- 134 43. Birmingham PK, Wheeler M, Suresh S, Dsida RM, Rae BR, Obrecht J, Andreoni VA,Hall SC, Coté CJ: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia in children: can they do it? Anesth Analg 2003; 96:686-691 44. Black AM, Wolf A, McKenzie IM, Tonkin PA, Inglis ST, Prys-Roberts C: Epidural infusions of sufentanil with and without bupivacaine: comparison with diamorphine- bupivacaine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1994, 11:285-299 45. Blacklock JB, Rea GL, Maxwell RE: Intrathecal morphine during lumbar spine operation for postoperative pain control. Neurosurgery 1986, 18:341-344 46. Blackman RG, Reynolds J, Shively J: Intrathecal morphine: Dosage and efficacy in younger patients for control of postoperative pain following spinal fusion. Orthopedics 1991, 14:555-557 47. Blanco J, Blanco E, Rodriguez G, Castro A, Alvarez J: One year's experience with an acute pain service in a Spanish University Clinic hospital. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1994, 11:417-421 48. Boezaart AP, de Beer JF, du Toit C, van Rooyen K: A new technique of continuous interscalene nerve block. Can J Anaesth 1999, 46:275-281 49. Bogoch ER, Henke M, Mackenzie T, Olschewski E, Mahomed NN: Lumbar paravertebral nerve block in the management of pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Arthroplasty 2002, 17:398-401 50. Boldt J, Thaler E, Lehmann A, Papsdorf M, Isgro F: Pain management in cardiac surgery patients: comparison between standard therapy and patient-controlled analgesia regimen. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1998, 12:654-658 51. Bollish SJ, Collins CL, Kirking DM, Bartlett RH: Efficacy of patient-controlled versus conventional analgesia for postoperative pain. Clin Pharm 1985, 4:48-52 52. Bolotin G, Lazarovici H, Uretzky G, Zlotnick AY, Tamir A, Saute M: The efficacy of intraoperative internal intercostal nerve block during video-assisted thoracic surgery on postoperative pain. Ann Thorac Surg 2000, 70:1872-1875 53. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C: Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery: a prospective study. Anesthesiology 2001, 95:875-880 54. Boulanger A, Choiniere M, Roy D, Boure B, Chartrand D, Choquette R, Rousseau P: Comparison between patient-controlled analgesia and intramuscular meperidine after thoracotomy. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:409-415 55. Bourget JL, Clark J, Joy N: Comparing preincisional with postincisional bupivacaine infiltration in the management of postoperative pain. Arch Surg 1997, 132:766-769 56. Bourke DL, Spatz E, Motara R, Ordia JI, Reed J, Hlavacek JM: Epidural opioids during laminectomy surgery for postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1992, 4:277-281 57. Bozkurt P, Kaya G, Yeker Y: Single-injection lumbar epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a report of 175 cases. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:212-217 58. Brands E, Callanan VI: Continuous lumbar plexus block-analgesia for femoral neck fractures. Anaesth Intens Care 1978, 6:256-258 59. Brandsson S, Karlsson J, Morberg P, Rydgren B, Eriksson BI, Hedner T: Intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 40 patients. Act Ortho Scand 2000, 71:280-285 60. Briggs M, Dean KL: A qualitative analysis of the nursing documentation of post-operative pain management. J Clin Nurs 1998, 7:155-163 61. Broadman LM, Rice LJ, Hannalah RS: Testing the validity of an objective pain scale for infants. Anesthesiology 1988, 69:A770 62. Brodsky JB, Chaplan SR, Brose WG, Mark JB: Continuous epidural hydromorphone for postthoracotomy pain relief. Ann Thoracic Surg 1990, 50:888-893 63. Brodsky JB, Kretzschmar KM, Mark JB: Caudal epidural morphine for post-thoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:409-410 64. Broekema AA, Kuizenga K, Hennis PJ: Does epidural sufentanil provide effective analgesia per- and postoperatively for abdominal aortic surgery? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:20-25 65. Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D: Epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 1980, 59:473-480 66. Brownridge P, Frewin DB: A comparative study of techniques of postoperative analgesia following caesarean section and lower abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intens Care 1985, 13:123-130 67. Bruce DL, Gerken MV, Lyon GD: Postcholecystectomy pain relief by intrapleural bupivacaine in patients with cystic fibrosis. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:1187-1189 68. Brull SJ, Lieponis JV, Murphy MJ, Garcia R, Silverman DG: Acute and long-term benefits of iliac crest donor site perfusion with local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:145-147 69. Brunat G, Pouzeratte Y, Mann C, Didelot JM, Rochon JC, Eledjam JJ: Posterior perineal block with ropivacaine 0.75% for pain control during and after hemorrhoidectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28:228-232 70. Buchholz M, Karl HW, Pomietto M, Lynn A: Pain scores in infants: a modified infant pain scale versus visual analog. J Pain Sympt Manag 1998, 15:117-124 71. Bugedo GJ, Carcamo CR, Mertens RA, Dagnino JA, Munoz HR: Preoperative percutaneous ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block with 0.5% bupivacaine for post-herniorrhaphy pain management in adults. Reg Anesth 1990, 15:130-133 72. Buggy DJ, Hall NA, Shah J, Brown J, Williams J: Motor block during patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine or ropivacaine/fentanyl after intrathecal bupivacaine for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2000, 85:468-470 73. Bunting P, McConachie I: Ilioinguinal nerve blockade for analgesia after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:773-775 74. Bunting P, McGeachie JF: Intercostal nerve blockade producing analgesia after appendicectomy. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:169-172 75. Burns JW, Aitken HA, Bullingham R, McArdle C, Kenny G: Double-blind comparison of the morphine sparing effect of continuous and intermittent I.M. administration of ketorolac. Br J Anaesth 1991, 67:235-238 76. Burns JW, Hodsman NBA, McLintock TTC, Gillies GWA, Kenny GNC, McArdle CS: The influence of patient characteristics on the requirements for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 1989, 44:2-6 77. Busch EH, Stedman PM: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain on medical-surgical wards - a clinical review. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:101-104 78. Bush DJ, Kramer DP: Intravascular migration of an epidural catheter during postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1150-1151 79. Callaghan P, Cheung YL, Yao KY, Chan SL: The effect of pre-operative information on post-operative anxiety, satisfaction with information, and demand for analgesia in Chinese men having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). J Clin Nurs 1998, 7:479-480 80. Callesen T, Bech K, Thorup J, Andersen J, Nielsen R, Roikjaer O, Kehlet H: Cryoanalgesia: effect on postherniorrhaphy pain. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:896-899 81. Camp LD, O'Sullivan PS: Comparison of medical, surgical and oncology patients' descriptions of pain in nurses' documentation of pain assessments. J Adv Nurs 1987, 12:593-598 82. Campbell FA, Yentis S, Fear DW: Analgesic efficacy and safety of a caudal bupivacaine- fentanyl mixture in children. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:661-664 83. Camu F, Debucquoy F: Alfentanil infusion for postoperative pain: A comparison of epidural and intravenous routes. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:171-178 84. Carabine UA, Milligan KR, Mulholland D, Moore J: Extradural clonidine infusions for analgesia after total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:338-343 85. Carman D, Roach JW: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of postoperative pain in children. Spine 1988, 13:109-110 86. Carney DE, Nicolette LA, Ratner MH, Minerd A, Baesl TJ: Ketorolac reduces postoperative narcotic requirements. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:76-79 87. Cartwright PD, Helfinger RG, Howell JJ, Siepmann KK: Introducing an acute pain service. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:188-191 88. Cataldo PA, Senagore AJ, Kilbride MJ: Ketorolac and patient controlled analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993, 176:435-438 89. Caudle CL, Freid EB, Bailey AG, Valley RD, Lish MC, Azizkhan RG: Epidural fentanyl infusion with patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative analgesia in children. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:554-558 90. Cervini P, Smith LC, Urbach DR: The effect of intraoperative bupivacaine administration on parenteral narcotic use after laparoscopic appendectomy. Surg Endosc 2002, 16:1579- 1582 91. Chabas E, Gomar C, Villalonga A, Sala X, Taura P: Postoperative respiratory function in children after abdominal surgery. A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine analgesia. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:393-397 92. Chambers HG, Silver SM, Bucknell AL: Colonic pseudoobstruction associated with PCA after total joint arthroplasty. Orthopaed Related Res 1990, 254:255-260 93. Chambers WA, Mowbray A, Wilson J: Extradural morphine for the relief of pain following caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:1201-1203 94. Chambers WA, Sinclair C, Scott D: Extradural morphine for pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth 1981, 53:921-925 95. Chan JHH, Heilpern GNA, Packham I, Trehan RK, Marsh GDJ, Knibb AA: A prospective randomized double-blind trial of the use of intrathecal fentanyl in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Spine 2006; 31:2529-2533 96. Chan VW, Chung F, McQuestion M, Gomez M: Impact of patient-controlled analgesia on required nursing time and duration of postoperative recovery. Reg Anesth 1995, 20:506- 514 97. Chan VWS, Chung F, Cheng DCH, Seyone C, Chung A, Kirby T: Analgesic and pulmonary effects of continuous intercostal nerve block following thoracotomy. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:733-739 98. Chauvin M, Hongnat JM, Mourgeon E, Lebrault C, Bellenfant F, Alfonsi P: Equivalence of postoperative analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous or epidural alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1251-1258 99. Chen PP, Cheam EW, Ma M, Lam KK, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T: Patient-controlled pethidine after major upper abdominal surgery: comparison of the epidural and intravenous routes. Anaesthesia 2001, 56:1106-1112 100. Cherian MN, Mathews MP, Chandy MJ: Local wound infiltration with bupivacaine in lumbar laminectomy. Surg Neurol 1997, 47:120-122 101. Chester JF, Ravindranath K, White BD, Shanahan D, Taylor RS, Lloyd-Williams K: Wound perfusion with bupivacaine: Objective evidence for efficacy in postoperative pain relief. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:394-396 102. Chien BB, Burke RG, Hunter DJ: An extensive experience with postoperative pain relief using postoperative fentanyl infusion. Arch Surg 1991, 126:692-694 103. Chirwa S, MacLeod B, Day B: Intraarticular bupivacaine (Marcaine) after arthroscopic meniscectomy: A randomized double-blind controlled study. Arthroscopy 1989, 5:33-35 104. Chisakuta AM, George KA, Hawthorne CT: Postoperative epidural infusion of a mixture of bupivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl for upper abdominal surgery. A comparison of thoracic and lumbar routes. Anaesthesia 1995, 50:72-75 105. Choiniere M, Rittenhouse BE, Perreault S, Chartrand D, Rousseau P, Smith B, Pepler C: Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regularly administered intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology 1998, 89:1377-1388 106. Christensen O, Chrsitensen P, Sonnenschein C, Nielsen PR, Jacobsen S: Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine: a controlled, randomized and double-blind study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1996, 40:842-846 107. Christie JM, Chen GW: Secondary hyperalgesia is not affected by wound infiltration with bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:1034-1037 108. Chrubasik J, Wiemers K: Continuous-plus-on-demand epidural infusion of morphine for postoperative pain relief by means of a small, externally worn infusion device. Anesthesiology 1985, 62:263-267 109. Cinar SO, Kum U, Cevizci N, Kayaoglu S, Oba S: Effects of levobupivacaine infiltration on postoperative analgesia and stress response in children following inguinal hernia repair. Eur J Anaesth 2009; 26:430-434 110. Clarke EB, French B, Bilodeau ML, Capasso VS, Edwards A, Empoliti J: Pain management knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice: The impact of nurses' characteristics and education. J Pain Symp Manage 1996, 11:18-31 111. Clarke H, Pereira S, Kennedy D, Andrion J, Mitsakakis N, Gollish J, Katz J, Kay J: Adding gabapentin to a multimodal regimen does not reduce acute pain, opioid consumption or chronic pain after total hip arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1073-1083 112. Clarke H, Pereira S, Kennedy D, Gilron I, Katz J, Gollish J, Kay J: Gabapentin decreases morphine consumption and improves functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty. Pain Res Manag 2009; 14:217-222 113. Cobby TF, Reid MF: Wound infiltration with local anaesthetic after abdominal hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 1997, 78:431-432 114. Cohen DE, Van Duker B, Siegel S, Keon TP: Common peroneal nerve palsy associated with epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:429-431 115. Cohen S, Amar D, Pantuck CB, Pantuck EJ, Weissman AB: Adverse effects of epidural 0.03% bupivacaine during analgesia after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:753- 756 116. Cohen SE, Rothblatt AJ, Albright GA: Early respiratory depression with epidural narcotic and intravenous droperidol. Anesthesiology 1983, 59:559-560 117. Cohen SE, Subak LL, Brose WG, Halpern J: Analgesia after cesarean delivery: Patient evaluations and costs of five opioid techniques. Reg Anesth 1991, 16:141-149 118. Cohen SE, Tan S, White PF: Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: Epidural versus intravenous administration. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:129-134 119. Cohen SE, Woods WA: The role of epidural morphine in the postcesarean patient: Efficacy and effects on bonding. Anesthesiology 1983, 58:500-504 120. Coleman SA, Booker-Milburn J: Audit of postoperative pain control: influence of a dedicated acute pain nurse. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:1093-1096 121. Conroy JM, Othersen HB Jr, Dorman BH, Gottesman JD, Wallace CT, Brahen NH: A comparison of wound instillation and caudal block for analgesia following pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:565-567 122. Cooper DW, Ryall DM, McHardy FE, Lindsay SL, Eldabe SS: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia with bupivacaine, fentanyl, or a mixture of both, after Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996, 76:611-615 123. Cooper DW, Saleh U, Taylor M, Whyte S, Ryall D, Kokri MS, Desira WR, Day H, McArthur E: Patient-controlled analgesia: epidural fentanyl and i.v. morphine compared after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1999, 82:366-370 124. Cooper DW, Turner G: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia to compare bupivacaine, fentanyl and bupivacaine with fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1993, 70:503-507 125. Crews JC, Hord AH, Denson DD, Schatzman C: A comparison of the analgesic efficacy of 0.25% levobupivacaine combined with 0.005% morphine, 0.25% levobupivacaine alone, or 0.005% morphine alone for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1504-1509 126. Cross DA, Hunt JB: Feasibility of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in a small community hospital. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:765-768 127. Cullen ML, Staren ED, El-Ganzouri A, Logas WG, Ivankovich AD, Economou SG: Continuous epidural infusion for analgesia after major abdominal operations: A randomized, prospective, double-blind study. Surg 1985, 98:718-728 128. Dahl V, Raeder JC, Erno PE, Kovdal A: Pre-emptive effect of pre-incisional versus post- incisional infiltration of local anaesthesia on children undergoing hernioplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:847-851 129. Dal D, Kanbak M, Caglar M, Aypar U: A background infusion of morphine does not enhance postoperative analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:476–479 130. Daley MD, Sandler AN, Turner KE, Vosu H, Slavchenko P: A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine in patients following cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990, 72:289-294 131. Daltroy LH, Morlino CI, Eaton HM, Poss R, Liang MH: Preoperative education for total hip and knee replacement patients. Arthritis Care Res 1998, 11:469-478 132. Davis BD, Billings JR, Ryland RK: Evaluation of nursing process documentation. J Adv Nurs 1994, 19:960-968 133. Dawson P: Cardiac arrest following epidural overdose. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995, 23:650-655 134. Dawson PJ, Libreri FC, Jones DJ, Libreri G, Bjorkstein AR, Royse CF: The efficacy of adding a continuous intravenous morphine infusion to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995, 23:453-458 135. De Kock M, Scholtes JL: Postoperative P.C.A. in abdominal surgery. Analysis of 200 consecutive patients. Acta Anaesth Belg 1991, 42:85-91 136. de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker BM, Lema MJ, Harrison P, Massey J: Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients. Anesthesiology 1994, 81:368-375 137. De Mey JC, Strobbet J, Poelaert J, Hoebeke P, Mortier E: The influence of sufentanil and/or clonidine on the duration of analgesia after a caudal block for hypospadias repair surgery in children. Eur J Anaesth 2000, 17:379-382 138. Delaunay L, Leppert C, Dechaubry V, Levron J, Liu N, Bonnet F: Epidural clonidine decreases postoperative requirements for epidural fentanyl. Reg Anesth 1993, 18:176-180 139. Deneuville M, Bisserier A, Regnard JF, Chevalier M, Levasseur P, Herve P: Continuous intercostal analgesia with 0.5% bupivacaine after thoracotomy: a randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg 1993, 55:381-385 140. Diblasio CJ, Snyder ME, Kattan MW, Russo P: Ketorolac: safe and effective analgesia for the management of renal cortical tumors with partial nephrectomy. J Urol 2004; 171:1062-1065 141. Dierking G, Duedahl TH, Rasmussen ML, Fomsgaard JS, Møiniche S, Rømsing J, Dahl JB: Effects of gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:322-327 142. Dierking GW, Dahl JB, Kanstrup J, Dahl A, Kehlet H: Effect of pre- vs postoperative inguinal field block on postoperative pain after herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:344-388 143. Dierking GW, Ostergaard E, Ostergard HT, Dahl JB: The effects of wound infiltration with bupivacaine versus saline on postoperative pain and opioid requirements after herniorrhaphy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:289-292 144. Dieudonne N, Gomola A, Bonnichon P, Ozier YM: Prevention of postoperative pain after thyroid surgery: a double-blind randomized study of bilateral superficial cervical plexus blocks. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:1538-1542 145. Ding Y, White PF: Post-herniorrhaphy pain in outpatients after pre-incision ilioinguinal- hypogastric nerve block during monitored anaesthesia care. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:12- 15 146. Dirks J, Fredensborg B, Christensen D, Fornsgaard JS, Flyger H, Dahl JB: A randomized study of the effects of single-dose gabapentin versus placebo on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after mastectomy. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:560-564 147. Doering S, Katzlberger F, Rumpold G, Roessler S, Hofstoetter B, Schatz DS, Behensky H, Krismer M, Luz G, Innerhofer P, Benzer H, Saria A, Schuessler G: Videotape preparation of patients before hip replacement surgery reduces stress. Psychosomatic Med 2000, 62:365-373 148. Donadoni R, Rolly G: Epidural sufentanil versus intramuscular buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia. A double-blind comparative trial. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:1171- 1175 149. Doyle E, Harper I, Morton NS: Patient-controlled analgesia with low dose background infusions after lower abdominal surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:818-822 150. Doyle E, Robinson D, Morton NS: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without a background infusion after lower abdominal surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:670-673 151. Dryden C, McMenemin I, Duthie D: Efficacy of continuous intercostal bupivacaine for pain relief after thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1993, 70:508-510 152. Dyer RA, Camden-Smith K, James MFM: Epidural lidocaine with sufentanil and epinephrine for abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia: respiratory depression and postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:220-225 153. Edwards ND, Fletcher A, Cole JR, Peacock JE: Combined infusions of morphine and ketamine for postoperative pain in elderly patients. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:124-127 154. Edwinsson M, Arnbjornsson E, Ekman R: Psychological preparation program for children undergoing acute appendectomy. Pediatrics 1992, 82:30-36 155. Egbert AM, Parks LH, Short LM, Burnett ML: Randomized trial of postoperative patient- controlled analgesia vs intramuscular narcotics in frail elderly men. Arch Internal Med 1990, 150:1897-1903 156. Egbert LD, Battit GE, Welch CE, Bartlett MK: Reduction of postoperative pain by encouragement and instruction of patients. N Eng J Med 1964, 270:825-827 157. Ehnfors M, Smedby B: Nursing care as documented in patients' records. Scand J Caring Sci 1993, 7:209-220 158. Ejlersen E, Andersen HB, Eliasen K, Mogensen T: A comparison between preincisional and postincisional lidocaine infiltration and postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:495-498 159. Elander G, Hellstrom G: Analgesic administration in children and adults following open heart surgery. Scand J Caring Sci 1992, 6:17-21 160. El-Baz N, Faber LP, Ivankovich AD: Interpleural infusion of local anesthetic: A word of caution. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:809-810 161. El-Baz N, Goldin M: Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for pain relief after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987, 93:878-883 162. Ellis DJ, Millar WL, Reisner LS: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990, 72:981-986 163. Ellis R, Haines D, Shah R, Cotton BR, Smith G: Pain relief after abdominal surgery: a comparison of i.m. morphine, sublingual buprenorphine and self-administered i.v. pethidine. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:421-428 164. El-Naggar MA, Schaberg FJ, Phillips MR: Intrapleural regional analgesia for pain management in cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1989, 124:568-570 165. El-Naggar MA: Bilateral intrapleural regional analgesia for postoperative pain control: A dose-finding study. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989, 3:574-579 166. Elsass P, Eikard B, Junge J, Lykke J, Staun P, Feldt-Rasmussen M: Psychological effect of detailed preanesthetic information. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:579-583 167. Eng J, Sabanathan S: Continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block and post-thoracotomy pulmonary complications. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992, 26:219-223 168. Engberg G: Respiratory performance after upper abdominal surgery. A comparison of pain relief with intercostal blocks and centrally acting analgesics. Acta Anaesth Scand1985, 29:427-433 169. Eriksson-Mjoberg M, Kristiansson M, Carlstrom K, Eklund J, Gustafsson LL, Olund A: Preoperative infiltration of bupivacaine--effects on pain relief and trauma response (cortisol and interleukin-6). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997, 41:466-472 170. Etches RC: Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia: a review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 1994, 41:125-132 171. Fanshawe MP: A comparison of patient controlled epidural pethidine versus single dose epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999, 27:610-614 172. Farag H, Naguib M: Caudal morphine for pain relief following anal surgery. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:257-258 173. Felton G, Huss K, Payne EA, Srsic K: Preoperative nursing intervention with the patient for surgery: outcomes of three alternative approaches. Int J Nurs Studies 1976, 13:83-96 174. Finucane BT, Ganapathy S, Carli F, Pridham JN, Ong BY, Shukla RC, Kristoffersson AH, Huizar KM, Nevin K, Ahlen KG: Prolonged epidural infusions of ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) after colonic surgery: the impact of adding fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:1276-1285 175. Fitzpatrick GJ, Moriarty DC: Intrathecal morphine in the management of pain following cardiac surgery. A comparison with morphine I.v. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:639-644 176. Fleming BM, Coombs DW: A survey of complications documented in a quality-control analysis of patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative patient. J Pain Sympt Manag 1992, 7:463-469 177. Flisberg P, Jakobsson J, Lundberg J: Apnea and bradypnea in patients receiving epidural bupivacaine-morphine for postoperative pain relief as assessed by a new monitoring method. J Clin Anesth 2002, 14:129-134 178. Foley WL, Edwards RC, Jacobs LF 3rd: Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of dosing regimens for acute postsurgical pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994, 52:155-159 179. Fong SY, Pavy TJ, Yeo ST, Paech MJ, Gurrin LC: Assessment of wound infiltration with bupivacaine in women undergoing day-case gynecological laparoscopy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:131-136 180. Forster EL, Kramer JF, Loucy SD, Scudds RA, Novick RJ: Effect of TENS on pain, medications, and pulmonary function following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest 1994, 106:1343-1348 181. Fortin R, Kirouac S: A randomized controlled trial of preoperative patient education. Int J Nurs Studies 1976, 13:11-24 182. Francois T, Blanloeil Y, Pillet F, Moren J, Mazoit X, Geay G, Douet MC: Effect of interpleural administration of bupivacaine or lidocaine on pain and morphine requirement after esophagectomy with thoracotomy: a randomized, double-blind and controlled study. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:718-723 183. Frank ED, McKay W, Rocco A, Gallo JP: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following cholecystectomy: A randomized prospective study. Reg Anesth 1990, 15:26-30 184. Fredman B, Zohar E, Ganim T, Shalev M, Jedeikin R: Bupivacaine infiltration into the neurovascular bundle of the prostatic nerve does not improve postoperative pain or recovery following transvesical prostatectomy. J Urol 1998, 159:154-156 185. Frenette L, Boudreault D, Guay J: Interpleural analgesia improves pulmonary function after cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:71-74 186. Fuller JG, McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Palmer L: Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section: A report of 4880 patients. Can J Anaesth 1990, 37:636-640 187. Furdon SA, Eastman M, Benjamin K, Horgan MJ: Outcome measures after standardized pain management strategies in postoperative patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 1998, 12:58-69 188. Gall O, Aubineau JV, Berniere J, Desjeux L, Murat I: Analgesic effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine after spinal fusion in children. Anesthesiology 2001, 94:447-452 189. Galway JE, Caves PK, Dundee JW: Effect of intercostal nerve blockade during operation on lung function and the relief of pain following thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1975, 47:730-735 190. Gammon J, Mulholland C: Effect of preparatory information prior to elective total hip replacement on psychological coping outcomes. J Adv Nurs 1992, 24:303-308 191. Gaukroger PB, Tomkins DP, van der Walt JH: Patient-controlled analgesia in children. Anaesth Intens Care 1989, 17:264-268 192. Geller E, Chrubasik J, Graf R, Chrubasik S, Schulte-Monting J: A randomized double- blind comparison of epidural sufentanil versus intravenous sufentanil or epidural fentanyl analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1243-1250 193. Geller RJ: Meperidine in patient-controlled analgesia: A near-fatal mishap. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:655-657 194. Gemma M, Piccioni LO, Gioia L, Beretta L, Bussi M: Ropicacaine peritonsillar infiltration for analgesia after adenotonsillectomy in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Ann Otol Rhilol Laryngol 2009; 118:227-231 195. George KA, Chisakuta AM, Gamble JA, Browne GA: Thoracic epidural infusion for postoperative pain relief following abdominal aortic surgery: bupivacaine, fentanyl or a mixture of both? Anaesthesia 1992, 47:388-394 196. Ghanayem AJ, Bohlman HH: Transient paraplegia from intraoperative intercostal nerve block after transthoracic discectomy. Spine 1994, 19:1294-1296 197. Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK, Morey T: Ropivacaine with or without clonidine improves pediatric tonsillectomy pain. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001, 127:1265-1270 198. Gibbs P, Purushotham A, Auld C, Cuschieri RJ: Continuous wound perfusion with bupivacaine for postoperative wound pain. Br J Surg 1988, 75:923-924 199. Girotra S, Kumar S, Rajendran KM: Caudal buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a comparison with intramuscular buprenorphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1993, 37:361-364 200. Girotra S, Kumar S, Rajendran KM: Postoperative analgesia in children who have genito- urinary surgery. A comparison between caudal buprenorphine and bupivacaine. Anaesthesia 1990, 45:406-408 201. Gjessing J, Tomlin PJ: Postoperative pain control with intrathecal morphine. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:268-276 202. Glass PSA, Estok P, Ginsberg B, Goldberg JS, Sladen RN: Use of patient-controlled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:345-351 203. Glenski JA, Warner MA, Dawson B, Kaufman B: Postoperative use of epidurally administered morphine in children and adolescents. Mayo Clin Proc 1984, 59:530-533 204. Gohl MR, Moeller RK, Olson RL, Vacchiano CA: The addition of interscalene block to general anesthesia for patients undergoing open shoulder procedures. AANA J 2001, 69:105-109 205. Goldsher M, Podoshin L, Fradis M, Malatskey S, Gerstel R, Vaida S, Gaitini L: Effects of peritonsillar infiltration on post-tonsillectomy pain. A double-blind study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996, 105:868-870 206. Gould TH, Crosby DL, Harmer M, Lloyd SM, Lunn JN, Rees GA, Roberts DE, Webster JA: Policy for controlling pain after surgery: Effect of sequential changes in management. BMJ 1992, 305:1187-1193 207. Goulding FJ: Penile block for postoperative pain relief in penile surgery. J Urology 1981, 126:337 208. Gozal Y, Shapira SC, Gozal D, Magora F: Bupivacaine wound infiltration in thyroid surgery reduces postoperative pain and opioid demand. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:813-815 209. Graham JL, King R, McCaughey W: Postoperative pain relief using epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 1980, 35:158-160 210. Grant RP, Dolman JF, Harper JA, White SA, Parsons DG, Evans KG, Merrick CP: Patient- controlled lumber epidural fentanyl compared with patient-controlled intravenous fentanyl for post-thoracotomy pain. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:214-219 211. Grass JA, Sakima NT, Valley M, Fischer K, Jackson C, Walsh P, Bourke DL: Assessment of ketorolac as an adjuvant to fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology 1993, 78:642-648 212. Griffin MJ, Brennan L, McShane AJ: Preoperative education and outcome of patient controlled analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1998, 45:943-948 213. Grover VK, Mathew PJ, Yaddanapudi S, Sehgal S: A single dose of preoperative gabapentin for pain reduction and requirement of morphine after total mastectomy and axillary dissection: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Postgrad Med 2009; 55:257-260 214. Guinard JP, Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R, Carpenter RL: A randomized comparison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:1108-1115 215. Guler T, Unlugenc H, Gundogan Z, Ozalevli M, Balcioglu O, Topcuoglu MS: A background infusion of morphine enhances patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:718-722 216. Gurel A, Unal N, Elevli M, Eren A: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in anorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:499-502 217. Gustafsson LL, Friberg-Nielsen S, Garle M, Mohall A, Rane A, Schildt B, Symreng T: Extradural and parenteral morphine: Kinetics and effects in postoperative pain. A controlled clinical study. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:1167-1174 218. Haberkern CM, Lynn AM, Geiduschek JM, Nespeca MK, Jacobson LE, Bratton SL, Pomietto M: Epidural and intravenous bolus morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:1203-1210 219. Hamza MA, White PF, Ahmed HE, Ghoname EA: Effect of the frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postoperative opioid analgesic requirement and recovery profile. Anesthesiology 1999, 91:1232-1238 220. Hannibal K, Galatius H, Hansen A, Obel E, Ejlersen E: Preoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine reduces early and late opioid requirement after hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1996, 83:376-381 221. Harmer M, Davies KA: The effect of education, assessment and a standardised prescription on postoperative pain management. The value of clinical audit in the establishment of acute pain services. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:424-430 222. Harrison DM, Sinatra R, Morgese L, Chung JH: Epidural narcotic and patient-controlled analgesia for post-cesarean section pain relief. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:454-457 223. Hartrick CT, Bourne MH, Gargiulo K, Damaraju CV, Vallow S, Hewitt DJ: Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for acute-pain management after orthopedic surgery: a comparative study with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:546-554 224. Harukuni I, Yamaguchi H, Sato S, Naito H: The comparison of epidural fentanyl, epidural lidocaine, and intravenous fentanyl in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:1169-1174 225. Hasenbos M, Simon M, van Egmond J, Folgering H, van Hoorn P: Postoperative analgesia by nicomorphine intramuscularly versus high thoracic epidural administration. Effects on ventilatory and airway occlusion pressure responses to CO2. Acta Anaesth Scand 1986, 30:426-430 226. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part I. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:572-576 227. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part II. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:577-582 228. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by high thoracic epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part III. The effects of per- and post-operative analgesia on morbidity. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:608-615 229. Hashimi H, Stewart AL, Ah-Fat G: Continuous intercostal nerve block for postoperative analgesia after surgical treatment of the upper part of the abdomen. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991, 173:116-118 230. Heard SO, Edwards TW, Ferrari D, Hanna D, Wong PC, Liland A, Willock MM: Analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine or morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery: A randomized, prospective double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:822-826 231. Henderson RC, Campion ER, DeMasi RA, Taft TN: Postathroscopy analgesia with bupivacaine: A prospective, randomized blinded evaluation. Am J Sports Med 1990, 18:614-617 232. Henderson SK, Matthew EB, Cohen H, Avram MJ: Epidural hydromorphone: A double- blind comparison with intramuscular hydromorphone for postcesarean section analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:825-830 233. Henneberg SW, Hole P, Madsen de Haas I, Jensen PJ: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993, 37:664-667 234. Herbland A, Cantini O, Reynier P, Valat P, Jougon J, Arimone Y, Janvier G: The bilateral superficial cervical plexus block with 0.75% ropivacaine administered before or after surgery does not prevent postoperative pain after total thyroidectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:34-39 235. Herr KA, Mobily PR: Comparison of selected pain assessment tools for use with the elderly. Applied Nurs Res 1993, 6:39-46 236. Hinkle AJ: Percutaneous inguinal block for the outpatient management of post- herniorrhaphy pain in children. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:411-413 237. Hjortso E, Vester-Andersen T, Moller IW, Lunding M: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:528-530 238. Hjortso NC, Lund C, Mogensen T, Bigler D, Kehlet H: Epidural morphine improves pain relief and maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:1033-1036 239. Ho ST, Wang TJ, Tang JS, Liaw WJ, Ho CM: Pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgery: intravenous morphine, epidural morphine, and intra-articular morphine. Clin J Pain 2000, 16:105-109 240. Hobbs GJ, Roberts FL: Epidural infusion of bupivacaine and diamorphine for postoperative analgesia. Use on general surgical wards. Anaesthesia 1992, 47:58-62 241. Hodsman NBA, Kenny GNC, McArdle CS: Patient controlled analgesia and urinary retention. Br J Surg 1988, 75:212 242. Hoenecke HR Jr, Pulido PA, Morris BA, Fronek J: The efficacy of continuous bupivacaine infiltration following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002, 18:854-858 243. Horn EP, Schroeder F, Wilhelm S, Wappler F, Sessler DI, Uebe B, Standl T, Schulte am Esch J: Wound infiltration and drain lavage with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1461-1466 244. Howard EC, Murray GR, Calvey TN, Williams NE: Prolonged release extradural morphine. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng1985, 67:8-10 245. Huang YM, Wang CM, Wang CT, Lin WP, Horng LC, Jiang CC: Perioperative celecoxib administration for pain management after total knee arthroplasty - a randomized, controlled study. BMC Musculoskelet Discord 2008; 9:77 246. Hubler M, Litz RJ, Sengebusch KH, Kreinecker I, Frank MD, Hakenberg OW, Albrecht DM: A comparison of five solutions of local anaesthetics and/or sufentanil for continuous, postoperative epidural analgesia after major urological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001, 18:450-457 247. Hubler M, Litz RJ, Sengebusch KH, Kreinecker I, Frank MD, Hakenberg OW, Albrecht DM: A comparison of five solutions of local anaesthetics and/or sufentanil for continuous, postoperative epidural analgesia after major urological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001, 18:450-457 248. Huffnagle HJ, Norris MC, Leighton BL, Arkoosh VA: Ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve blocks--before or after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia? Anesth Analg 1996, 82:8-12 249. Hullett B, Chambers N, Preuss J, Zamudio I, Lange J, Pascoe E, Ledowski T: Monitoring electrical skin conductance: a tool for the assessment of postoperative pain in children? Anesthesiology 2009; 111:513-517 250. Husted S, Djurhuus JC, Husegaard HC, Jepsen J, Mortensen J: Effect of postoperative extradural morphine on lower urinary tract function. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:183- 185 251. Idvall E, Ehrenberg A: Nursing documentation of postoperative pain management. J Clin Nurs 2002, 11:734-742 252. Ilahi OA, Davidson JP, Tullos HS: Continuous epidural analgesia using fentanyl and bupivacaine after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1994, 299:44-52 253. Inagaki Y, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I: Segmental analgesic effect and reduction of halothane MAC from epidural fentanyl in humans. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:856-864 254. Ittichaikulthol W, Virankabutra T, Kunopart M, Khamhom W, Putarawuthichai P, Rungphet S: Effects of pregabalin on post-operative morphine consumption after abdominal hysterectomy with/without salphingo-oophorectomy: a randomized, double- blind trial. J Med Assoc Thailand 2009; 92:1318-1323 255. Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC: A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: Efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:1082-1088 256. Jacobson L, Kokri MS, Pridie AK: Intrathecal diamorphine: A dose-response study. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:289-292 257. Jacobson L, Phillips PD, Hull CJ, Conacher ID: Extradural versus intramuscular diamorphine. A controlled study of analgesic and adverse effects in the postoperative period. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:10-18 258. Javery KB, Ussery TW, Steger HG, Colclough GW: Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative pain. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:212-215 259. Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Gutierrez JF, Bradley EL Jr, Kissin I: Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy pain reduction by local bupivacaine infiltration in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993, 25:149-154 260. Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Gutierrez JF, Bradley EL Jr., Kissin I: The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of tonsils with bupivacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia. Pain 1991, 47:305-308 261. Jeffs SA, Hall JE, Morris S: Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002, 89:424-427 262. Jensen BH: Caudal block for post-operative pain relief in children after genital operations. A comparison between bupivacaine and morphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:373- 375 263. Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE: The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. Am J Sports Med 1985, 13:27-33 264. Jensen PJ, Siem-Jorgensen P, Nielsen TB, Wichmand-Nielsen H, Wintherreich E: Epidural morphine by the caudal route for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:511-513 265. Johansen M, Harbo G, Illum P: Preincisional infiltration with bupivacaine in tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996, 122:261-263 266. Johansson A, Axelson J, Ingvar C, Luttropp H-H, Lundberg J: Preoperative ropivacaine infiltration in breast surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000, 44:1093-1098 267. Johansson B, Glise H, Hallerback B, Dalman P, Kristoffersson A: Preoperative local infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1994, 78:210-214 268. Johansson B, Hallerback B, Stubberod A, Janbu T, Edwin B, Glise H, Solhaug JH: Preoperative local infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after inguinal hernia repair. A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Surg 1997, 163:371-378 269. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M, Haanpaa M, Korttila K: A randomized controlled trial of perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Pain 2008; 134:106-112 270. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M, Haanpaa M, Korttila K: Premedication with pregabalin 75 or 150 mg with ibuprofen to control pain after day-case gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:834-840 271. Jones MD, Aronsson DD, Harkins JM, Smail DF, Haugh LD: Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain control in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1998, 18:492-496 272. Jones SEF, Beasley JM, Macfarlane DWR, Davis JM, Hall-Davies G: Intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief in children. Br J Anaesth 1984, 56:137-140 273. Jones SF, White A: Analgesia following femoral neck surgery. Lateral cutaneous nerve block as an alternative to narcotics in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:682-685 274. Jorgensen BC, Andersen HB, Engquist A: Influence of epidural morphine on postoperative pain, endocrine-metabolic, and renal responses to surgery. A controlled study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:63-68 275. Jorgensen H, Fomsgaard JS, Dirks J, Wetterslev J, Andreasson B, Dahl JB: Effect of epidural bupivacaine vs combined epidural bupivacaine and morphine on gastrointestinal function and pain after major gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2001, 87:727-732 276. Joshi W, Reuben SS, Kilaru PR, Sklar J, Maciolek H: Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine and/or morphine. Anesth Analg 2000, 90:1102-1106 277. Joucken K, Michel L, Schoevaerdts JC, Mayne A, Randour P: Cryoanalgesia for post- thoracotomy pain relief. Acta Anaesth Belg 1987, 38:179-183 278. Kalia PK, Madan R, Saksena R, Batra RK, Gode GR: Epidural pentazocine for postoperative pain relief. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:949-950 279. Kalso E: Effects of intrathecal morphine, injected with bupivacaine, on pain after orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:415-421 280. Kambam JR, Hammon J, Parris WCV, Lupinetti FM: Intrapleural analgesia for post- thoracotomy pain and blood levels of bupivacaine following intrapleural injection. Can J Anaesth 1989, 36:106-109 281. Kampe S, Weigand C, Kaufmann J, Klimek M, Konig DP, Lynch J: Postoperative analgesia with no motor block by continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil after total hip replacement. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:395-398 282. Kanbak M, Akpolat N, Ocal T, Doral MN, Ercan M, Erdem K: Intraarticular morphine administration provides pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Eur J Anaesth 1997, 14:153- 156 283. Karaman S, Gunusen I, Uyar M, Firat V: The effect of pre-operative lornoxicam and ketoprofen application on the morphine consumption of post-operative patient-controlled analgesia. J Int Med Res 2006; 34:168-175 284. Karaman Y, Kebapci E, Gurkan A: The preemptive analgesic effect of lornoxicam in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled study. Int J Surg 2008; 6:193-196 285. Kastrossios H, Mogg GAG, Triggs EJ, Higbie JWA: Interpleural bupivacaine infusion compared with intravenous pethidine infusion after cholecystectomy. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:539-545 286. Kato J, Ogawa S, Katz J, Nagai H, Kashiwazaki M, Saeki H, Suzuki H: Effects of presurgical local infiltration of bupivacaine in the surgical field on postsurgical wound pain in laparoscopic gynecologic examinations: a possible preemptive analgesic effect. Clin J Pain 2000, 16:12-17 287. Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN, Nierenberg H, Boylan JF, Friedlander M, Shaw BF: Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:439-446 288. Kawamata M, Omote K, Namiki A: Bilateral interpleural injection of lidocaine after bilateral lung surgery through median sternotomy in four patients. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:1046-1049 289. Kawana Y, Sato H, Shimada H, Fujita N, Ueda Y, Hayashi A, Araki Y: Epidural ketamine for postoperative pain relief after gynecologic operations: A double-blind study and comparison with epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:735-738 290. Ke RW, Portera SG, Bagous W, Lincoln SR: A randomized, double-blinded trial of preemptive analgesia in laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 1998, 92:972-975 291. Ke RW, Portera SG, Bagous W, Lincoln SR: A randomized, double-blinded trial of preemptive analgesia in laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 1998, 92:972-975 292. Keenan DJM, Cave K, Langdon L, Lea RE: Comparative trial of rectal indomethacin and cryoanalgesia for control of early postthoracotomy pain. Br Med J 1983, 287:1335-1337 293. Kempe AR, Gelazis R: Patient anxiety levels: an ambulatory surgery study. AORN 1983, 41:390-396 294. Kenady DE, Wilson JF, Schwartz RW, Bannon CL, Wermeling D: A randomized comparison of patient-controlled versus standard analgesic requirements in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992, 174:216-220 295. Khoury GF, Chen ACN, Garland DE, Stein C: Intraarticular morphine, bupivacaine, and morphine/bupivacaine for pain control after knee videoarthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:263-266, 1992 296. King I, Tarsitano B: The effect of structured and unstructured pre-operative teaching: a replication. Nurs Res 1982, 31:324-329 297. Kleiman RL, Lipman AG, Hare BD, MacDonald SD: PCA vs. regular IM injections for severe postop pain. Am J Nurs 1987, Nov:1491-1492 298. Klein JR, Heaton JP, Thompson JP, Cotton BR, Davidson AC, Smith G: Infiltration of the abdominal wall with local anaesthetic after total abdominal hysterectomy has no opioid- sparing effect. Br J Anaesth 2000, 84:248-249 299. Klinck JR, Lindop MJ: Epidural morphine in the elderly. A controlled trial after upper abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1982, 37:907-912 300. Knoerl DV, Faut-Callahan M, Paice J, Shott S: Preoperative PCA teaching program to manage postoperative pain. Medsurg Nurs 1999, 8:25-33 301. Knowles P, Hancox D, Letheren M, Eddleston J: An evaluation of intercostal nerve blockade for analgesia following renal transplantation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998, 15:457- 461 302. Knudsen WP, Boettcher R, Vollmer WM, Griggs DK: A comparison of patient-controlled and intramuscular morphine in patients after abdominal surgery. Hosp Pharm 1993, 28:117-122 303. Kotzer AM, Coy J, LeClaire AD: The effectiveness of a standardized educational program for children using patient-controlled analgesia. J Soc Pediatr Nurs 1998, 3:117-126 304. Kountakis SE: Effectiveness of perioperative bupivacaine infiltration in tonsillectomy patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2002, 23:76-80 305. Krane EJ, Jacobson LE, Lynn AM, Parrot C, Tyler DC: Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine. Anesth Analg 1987, 66: 647-653 306. Krane EJ: Delayed respiratory depression in a child after caudal epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:79-82 307. Kreitzer JM, Kirschenbaum LP, Eisenkraft JB: Epidural fentanyl by continuous infusion for relief of postoperative pain. Clin J Pain 1989, 5:283-290 308. Kristensen BB, Christensen DS, Ostergaard M, Skjelsager K, Nielsen D, Mogensen TS: Lack of postoperative pain relief after hysterectomy using preperitoneally administered bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:576-580 309. Krone SC, Chan VW, Regan J, Peng P, Poate EM, McCartney C, Miniaci A: Analgesic effects of low-dose ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder surgery-a dose-finding study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:439-443 310. Kumar TP, Jacob R: A comparison of caudal epidural bupivacaine with adrenaline and bupivacaine with adrenaline and pethidine for operative and postoperative analgesia in infants and children. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:424-428 311. Kundra P, Gurnani A, Bhattacharya A: Preemptive epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief after lumbar laminectomy. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:135-138 312. Kussman BD, Sethna NF: Pethidine-associated seizure in a healthy adolescent receiving pethidine for postoperative pain control. Paediatr Anaesth 1998, 8:349-352 313. Kwan A: Overdose of morphine during PCA. Anaesthesia 1995, 50:919 314. LaBaron S, Zeltzer L: Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-report, observer reports, and a behavior checklist. J Consult Clin Psych 1984, 52:729-738 315. Laitinen J, Nuutinen L: Failure of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and indomethacin to reduce opiate requirement following cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:700-705 316. Lam KK, Chan MT, Chen PP, Kee WD: Structured preoperative patient education for patient-controlled analgesia. J Clin Anesth 2001, 13:465-469 317. Lange MP, Dahn MS, Jacobs LA: Patient-controlled analgesia versus intermittent analgesia dosing. Heart Lung 1988, 17:495-498 318. Langer JC, Shandling B, Rosenberg M: Intraoperative bupivacaine during outpatient hernia repair in children: A randomized double blind trial. J Ped Surg 1987, 22:267-270 319. Lanz E, Theiss D, Riess W, Sommer U: Epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia: A double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1982, 61:236-240 320. Lauretti GR, Mattos AL, Reis MP, Pereira NL: Combined intrathecal fentanyl and neostigmine: therapy for postoperative abdominal hysterectomy pain relief. J Clin Anesth 1998, 10:291-296 321. Laurito CE, Kirz LI, VadeBoncouer TR, Riegler FX, Citron GM, Segil LJ, Pelligrino DA: Continuous infusion of interpleural bupivacaine maintains effective analgesia after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:516-521 322. Lawrie SC, Forbes DW, Akhtar TM, Morton NS: Patient-controlled analgesia in children. Anaesthesia 1990, 46:1074-1076 323. Lee A, Boon D, Bagshaw P, Kempthorne P: A randomised double-blind study of interpleural analgesia after cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia 1990, 46:1028-1031 324. Lee A, Simpson D, Whitfield A, Scott DB: Postoperative analgesia by continuous extradural infusion of bupivacaine and diamorphine. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:845-850 325. Lee IO, Kim SH, Kong MH, Lee MK, Kim NS, Choi YS, Lim SH: Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the effect and timing of incisional and intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 2001, 48:545-550 326. Lee VC, Abram SE: Interpleural administration of bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:586 327. Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horrichs-Haermeyer G, Grond S, Zech D: Postoperative patient- controlled analgesia with sufentanil: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:221-226 328. Lehmann KA, Heinrich C, van Heiss R: Balanced anesthesia and patient-controlled postoperative analgesia with fentanyl: minimum effective concentrations, accumulation and acute tolerance. Acta Anaesth Belg 1988, 39:11-23 329. Lehmann KA, Kratzenberg U, Schroeder-Bark B, Horrichs-Haermeyer G: Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol: Analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Clinical J Pain 1990, 6:212-220 330. Lehmann KA, Ribbert N, Horrichs-Haermeyer G: Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with alfentanil: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. J Pain Sympt Management 1990, 5:249-258 331. Lehmann KA, Tenbuhs B, Hoeckle W: Patient-controlled analgesia with piritramid for the treatment of postoperative pain. Acta Anaesth Belg 1986, 37:247-257 332. Lejus C, Surbled M, Schwoerer D, Renaudin M, Guillaud C, Berard L, Pinaud M: Postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl: hourly pain assessment in 348 paediatric cases. Paediatr Anaesth 2001, 11:327-332 333. Leung CC, Chan YM, Ngai SW, Ng KF, Tsui SL: Effect of pre-incision skin infiltration on post-hysterectomy pain—a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000, 28:510-516 334. Levack ID, Holmes JD, Robertson GS: Abdominal wound perfusion for the relief of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1986, 58:615-619 335. Lilja Y, Ryden S, Fridlund B: Effects of extended preoperative information on perioperative stress: an anaesthetic nurse intervention for patients with breast cancer and total hip replacement. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1998, 14:276-282 336. Lin PC, Lin LC, Lin JJ: Comparing the effectiveness of different educational programs for patients with total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Nurs 1997, 16:43-49 337. Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1998, 88:688-695 338. Liu SS, Carpenter RL, Mackey DC, Thirlby RC, Rupp SM, Shine TS, Feinglass NG, Metzger PP, Fulmer JT, Smith SL: Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on rate of recovery after colon surgery. Anesthesiology 1995, 83:757-765 339. Logas WG, El-Baz N, El-Ganzouri A, Cullen M, Staren E, Faber LP, Ivankovich AD: Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for postoperative pain relief following thoracotomy: A randomized prospective study. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:787-791 340. Looi-Lyons LC, Chung FF, Chan VW, McQuestion M: Respiratory depression: an adverse outcome during patient controlled analgesia therapy. J Clin Anesth 1996, 8:151-156 341. Loper KA, Ready LB, Downey M, Sandler AN, Nessly M, Rapp S, Badner N: Epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions are clinically equivalent after knee surgery. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:72-75 342. Lorenzini C, Moreira LB, Ferreira MB: Efficacy of ropivacaine compared with ropivacaine plus sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after major knee surgery. Anaesthesia 2002, 57:424-428 343. Lovstad RZ, Stoen R: Postoperative epidural analgesia in children after major orthopaedic surgery. A randomised study of the effect on PONV of two anaesthetic techniques: low and high dose i.v. fentanyl and epidural infusions with and without fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001, 45:482-488 344. Lubenow TR, Tanck EN, Hopkins EM, McCarthy RJ, Ivankovich AD: Comparison of patient-assisted epidural analgesia with continuous-infusion epidural analgesia for postoperative patients. Reg Anesth 1994, 19:206-211 345. Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA: Age is the best predictor of postoperative morphine requirements. Pain 1996, 64:357-364 346. Macintyre PE, Runciman WB, Webb RK: An acute pain service in an Australian teaching hospital: the first year. Med J Aust 1990, 153:417-422 347. Mackintosh C, Bowles S: Evaluation of a nurse-led acute pain service. Can clinical nurse specialists make a difference? J Adv Nurs 1997, 25:30-37 348. Macrae DJ, Munishankrappa S, Burrow LM, Milne MK, Grant IS: Double-blind comparison of the efficacy of extradural diamorphine, extradural phenoperidine and i.m. diamorphine following caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1987, 59:354-359 349. Madej TH, Watson NC, Martin BC: Large dose epidural sufentanil. Management of postoperative pain with few side effects. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:1204-1206 350. Mahon SV, Berry PD, Jackson M, Russell GN, Pennefather SH: Thoracic epidural infusions for post-thoracotomy pain: a comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine mixtures vs. fentanyl alone. Anaesthesia 1999, 54:641-646 351. Mahoney OM, Noble PC, Davidson J, Tullos HS: The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on postoperative pain, rehabilitation, and duration of hospitalization in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1990, 260:30-37 352. Major CP Jr, Greer MS, Russell WL, Roe SM: Postoperative pulmonary complications and morbidity after abdominal aneurysmectomy: a comparison of postoperative epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia. Am Surg 1996, 62:45-51 353. Malinow AM, Mokriski BLK, Nomura MK, Kaufman MA, Snell JA, Sharp GD, Howard RA: Effect of epinephrine on intrathecal fentanyl analgesia in patients undergoing postpartum tubal ligation. Anesthesiology 1990, 73:381-385 354. Malviya S, Pandit UA, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, Zang L, Siewert M, Tait AR, Muraszko K: A comparison of continuous epidural infusion and intermittent intravenous bolus doses of morphine in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:438-443 355. Mann LJ, Young GR, Williams JK, Dent OF, McCaughan BC: Intrapleural bupivacaine in the control of postthoracotomy pain. Ann Thorac Surg 1992, 53:449-454 356. Mansour NY, Bennetts FE: An observational study of combined continuous lumbar plexus and single-shot sciatic nerve blocks for post-knee surgery analgesia. Reg Anesth 1996, 21:287-291 357. Marsh GD, Huddy SP, Rutter KP: Bupivacaine infiltration after haemorrhoidectomy. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1993, 38:41-42 358. Martin LV: Postoperative analgesia after circumcision in children. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:1263-1266 359. Matsota P, Livanios S, Marinopoulou E: Intercostal nerve block with Bupivacaine for post- thoracotomy pain relief in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2001, 11:219-222 360. Maunuksela EL, Olkkola KT, Korpel R: Measurement of pain in children with self- reporting and behavioural assessment. Clinl PharmTherapeutics 1987, 42:137-141 361. Maurer K, Ekatodramis G, Hodler J, Rentsch K, Perschak H, Borgeat A: Bilateral continuous interscalene block of brachial plexus for analgesia after bilateral shoulder arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 2002, 96:762-764 362. McCoy EP, Furness G, Wright MC: PCA with and without background infusion. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:256-265 363. McDonald DD, Freeland M, Thomas G, Moore J: Testing a preoperative pain management intervention for elders. Res Nurs Health 2001, 24:402-409 364. McGrath D, Thurston N, Wright D, Preshaw R, Fermin P: Comparison of one technique of patient-controlled postoperative analgesia with intramuscular meperidine. Pain 1989, 37:265-270 365. McIlvaine WB, Chang JHT, Jones M: The effective use of intrapleural bupivacaine for analgesia after thoracic and subcostal incisions in children. J Ped Surg1988, 23:1184- 1187 366. McIlvaine WB, Knox RF, Fennessey PV, Goldstein M: Continous infusion of bupivacaine via intrapleural catheter for analgesia after thoracotomy in children. Anesthesiology 1988, 69:261-264 367. McLoughlin J, Kelley CJ: Study of the effectiveness of bupivicaine infiltration of the ilioinguinal nerve at the time of hernia repair for post-operative pain relief. Br J Clin Prac 1989, 43:281-283 368. McNeely JK, Hoffman GM, Eckert JE: Postoperative pain relief in children from the parascalene injection technique. Reg Anesth 1991, 16:20-22 369. McNeely JK, Trentadue NC: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without nighttime morphine infusion following lower extremity surgery in children. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997, 13:268-273. 370. McNicol LR: Lower limb blocks for children. Lateral cutaneous and femoral nerve blocks for postoperative pain relief in paediatric practice. Anaesthesia 1986, 41:27-31 371. McNicol LR: Sciatic nerve block for children. Sciatic nerve block by the anterior approach for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:410-414 372. Mehnert JH, Dupont TJ, Rose DH: Intermittent epidural morphine instillation for control of postoperative pain. Am J Surg 1983, 146:145-151, 1983 373. Menigaux C, Guignard B, Fletcher D, Sessler DI, Levron JC, Chauvin M: More epidural than intravenous sufentanil is required to provide comparable postoperative pain relief. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:472-476 374. Miaskowski C, Crews J, Ready LB, Paul SM, Ginsberg B: Anesthesia-based pain services improve the quality of postoperative pain management. Pain 1999, 80:23-29 375. Michelet P, Guervilly C, Helaine A, Avaro JP, Blayac D, Gaillat F, Dantin T, Thomas P, Kerbaul F: Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after thoracic surgery: influence on morphine consumption, respiratory function, and nocturnal desaturation. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:396-403 376. Miguel R, Barlow I, Morrell M, Scharf J, Sansusi D, Fu E: A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of epidural and intravenous sufentanil infusions. Anesthesiology 1994, 81:346-352 377. Milligan KR, Fogarty DJ: The characteristics of analgesic requirements following subarachnoid diamorphine in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Reg Anesth 1993, 18:114-117 378. Modig J, Paalzow L: A comparison of epidural morphine and epidural bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:437-441 379. Molliex S, Haond P, Baylot D, Prades JM, Navez M, Elkhoury Z, Auboyer C: Effect of pre- vs postoperative tonsillar infiltration with local anesthetics on postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:1210-1215 380. Morisaki H, Masuda J, Fukushima K, Iwao Y, Suzuki K, Matsushima M: Wound infiltration with lidocaine prolongs postoperative analgesia after haemorrhoidectomy with spinal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:914-918 381. Motsch J, Graber E, Ludwig K: Addition of clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine: A double-blind study. Anesthesiology 1990, 73:1067-1073 382. Mourisse J, Hasenbos MA, Gielen MJ, Moll JE, Cromheecke GJ: Epidural bupivacaine, sufentanil or the combination for post-thoracotomy pain. Acta Anaesth Scand 1992, 36:70-74 383. Mozell EJ, Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Bickford-Smith PJ, Majid MR, Zografos G: Continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block after pleurectomy. Thorax 1991, 46:21- 24 384. Mulroy MF, Burgess FW, Emanuelsson BM: Ropivacaine 0.25% and 0.5%, but not 0.125%, provide effective wound infiltration analgesia after outpatient hernia repair, but with sustained plasma drug levels. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:136-141 385. Mulroy MF, Larkin KL, Batra MS, Hodgson PS, Owens BD: Femoral nerve block with 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia following outpatient arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:24-29 386. Munro HM, Walton SR, Malviya S, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, Loder RT, Farley FA: Low-dose ketorolac improves analgesia and reduces morphine requirements following posterior spinal fusion in adolescents. Can J Anaesth 2002, 49:461-466 387. Murdoch CJ, Crooks BA, Miller CD: Effect of the addition of ketamine to morphine in patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia 2002, 57:484-488 388. Murphy DF, Graziotti P, Chalkiadis G, McKenna M: Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison with nurse-controlled intravenous opioid infusions. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:589-592 389. Murphy DF: Continuous intercostal nerve blockade for pain relief following cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:521-524 390. Myles PS, Buckland MR, Cannon GB, Bujor MA, Langley M, Breaden A, Salamonsen RF, Davis BB: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and nurse-controlled infusion analgesia after cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:672-678 391. Naulty JS, Datta S, Ostheimer GW, Johnson MD, Burger GA: Epidural fentanyl for postcesarean delivery pain management. Anesthesiology 1985, 63:694-698 392. Ng KP, Chow YF: Brachial plexus block for ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997, 25:74-76 393. Ngan Kee WD, Lam KK, Chen PP, Gin T: Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using pethidine or fentanyl. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997, 25:126-132 394. Niruthisard S, Somboonviboon W, Thaithumyanon P, Mahutchawaroj N, Chaiyakul A: Maternal and neonatal effects of single-dose epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and morphine for cesarean delivery. J Med Assoc Thai 1998, 81:103-109 395. Nolan JP, Dow AA, Parr MJ, Dauphinee K, Kalish M: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia following post-traumatic pelvic reconstruction: A comparison with continuous epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1992, 47:1037-1041 396. Notcutt WG, Morgan RJ: Introducing patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain control into a district general hospital. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:401–406 397. Nozaki-Taguchi N, Oka T, Kochi T, Taguchi N, Mizuguchi T: Apnoea and oximetric desaturation in patients receiving epidural morphine after gastrectomy: a comparison of intermittent bolus and patient controlled administration. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:292-297 398. Nunn JF, Slavin G: Posterior intercostal nerve block for pain relief after cholecystectomy: Anatomical basis and efficacy. Br J Anaesth 1980, 52:253-260 399. Oden RV, Karagianes TG: Postoperative myocardial ischemia possibly masked by epidural fentanyl analgesia. Anesthesiology 1991, 74:941-943 400. O'Halloran P, Brown R: Patient-controlled analgesia compared with nurse-controlled infusion analgesia after heart surgery. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1997, 13:126-129 401. O'Hanlon DM, Colbert ST, Keane PW, Given FH: Preemptive bupivacaine offers no advantages to postoperative wound infiltration in analgesia for outpatient breast biopsy. Am J Surg 2000, 180:29-32 402. Organowski S, Duncan PG: Clinical differences in spinal opioid efficacy. Can J Anaesth 1989, 36:448-449 403. Orntoft S, Longreen A, Moiniche S, Dhal JB: A comparison of pre- and postoperative tonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine on pain after tonsillectomy. A pre-emptive effect? Anaesthesia 1994, 49:151-154 404. Orr IA, Keenan DJ, Dundee JW, Patterson CC, Greenfield AA: Post-thoracotomy pain relief: Combined use of cryoprobe and morphine infusion techniques. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:366-369 405. Owen H, Galloway D, Mitchell K: Analgesia by wound infiltration after surgical excision of benign breast lumps. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1985, 67:114-115 406. Owen H, Kluger MT, Ilsley AH, Baldwin AM, Fronsko RR, Plummer JL: The effect of fentanyl administered epidurally by patient-controlled analgesia, continuous infusion, or a combined technique of oxyhaemoglobin saturation after abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:20-25 407. Owen H, Szekely SM, Plummer JL, Cushnie JM, Mather LE: Variables of patient- controlled analgesia: 2. concurrent infusion. Anaesthesia 1989, 44:11-13 408. Oxorn DC, Whatley GS: Post-cholecystectomy pulmonary function following interpleural bupivacaine and intramuscular pethidine. Anaesth Intens Care 1989, 17:440-443 409. Paech MJ, Goy R, Chua S, Scott K, Christmas T, Doherty DA: A randomized, placebo- controlled trial of preoperative oral pregabalin for postoperative pain relief after minor gynecological surgery. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1449-1453 410. Paech MJ, Moore JS, Evans SF: Meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section. Intravenous versus epidural administration. Anesthesiology 1994, 80:1268-1276 411. Paech MJ, Westmore MD: Postoperative epidural fentanyl infusion--is the addition of 0.1% bupivacaine of benefit? Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:9-14 412. Palmer CM: Continuous intrathecal sufentanil for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:244-245 413. Palmes D, Rottgermann S, Classen C, Haier J, Horstmann R: Randomized clinical trial of the influence of intraperitoneal local anesthesia on pain after laparoscopic surgery. Br J Surg 2007; 94:824-832 414. Pandey CK, Sahay S, Gupta D, Ambesh SP, Singh RB, Raza M, Singh U, Singh PK: Preemptive gabapentin decreases postoperative pain after lumbar discoidectomy. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51):986-989 415. Pandey CK, Singhal V, Kumar M, Lakra A, Ranjan R, Pal R, Raza M, Singh U, Singh PK: Gabapentin provides effective postoperative analgesia whether administered pre- emptively or post-incision. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:827-831 416. Papaziogas B, Argiriadou H, Papagiannopoulou P, Pavlidis T, Georgiou M, Sfyra E, Papaziogas T: Preincisional intravenous low-dose ketamine and local infiltration with ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2001, 15:1030-1033 417. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Effects of a nighttime opioid infusion with PCA therapy on patient comfort and analgesic requirements after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 1992, 76:362-367 418. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Patient-controlled analgesia: Does a concurrent opioid infusion improve pain mangement after surgery? JAMA 1991, 266:1947-1952 419. Parker RK, Sawaki Y, White PF: Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: Influence of bupivacaine and hydromorphone basal infusion on pain control after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:740-746 420. Parker RK, White PF: Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: an alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain relief after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:245-251 421. Partridge BL, Stabile BE: The effects of incisional bupivacaine on postoperative narcotic requirements, oxygen saturation and length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit. Acta Anaesth Scand 1990, 34:486-491 422. Passchier J, Rupreht J, Koenders ME, Olree M, Luitwieler RL, Bonke B: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) leads to more postoperative pain relief, but also to more fatigue and less vigour. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993, 37:659-663 423. Patel JM, Lanzafame RJ, Williams JS, Mullen BV, Hinshaw JR: The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983, 157:338- 340 424. Pellicano M, Zullo F, Di Carlo C, Zupi E, Nappi C: Postoperative pain control after microlaparoscopy in patients with infertility: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 1998, 70:289-292 425. Perez-Woods R, Grohar JC, Skaredoff M, Rock SG, Tse AM, Tomich P, Polich S: Pain control after cesarean birth: Efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia vs traditional therapy (IM morphine). J Perinatol 1991, 11:174-181 426. Perriss BW, Latham BV, Wilson IH: Analgesia following extradural and i.m. pethidine in post-caesarean section patients. Br J Anaesth 1990, 64:355-357 427. Pesut B, Johnson J: Evaluation of an acute pain service. Can J Nurs Adm 1997, 10:86-107 428. Pettersson N, Berggren P, Larsson M, Westman B, Hahn RG: Pain relief by wound infiltration with bupivacaine or high-dose ropivacaine after inguinal hernia repair. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:569-575 429. Pettersson N, Emanuelsson BM, Reventlid H, Hahn RG: High-dose ropivacaine wound infiltration for pain relief after inguinal hernia repair: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:189-196 430. Pettersson N, Perbeck L, Brismar B, Hahn RG: Sensory and sympathetic block during interpleural analgesia. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:313-317 431. Picard P, Bazin JE, Conio N, Ruiz F, Schoeffler P: Ketorolac potentiates morphine in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Pain 1997, 73:401-406 432. Planner RS, Cowie RW, Babarczy AS: Continuous epidural morphine analgesia after radical operations upon the pelvis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988, 166:229-232 433. Plummer JL, Owen H, Ilsley AH, Tordoff K: Sustained-release iboprofen as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 1996, 83:92-96 434. Pobereskin LH, Sneyd JR: Wound infiltration with bupivacaine after surgery to the cervical spine using a posterior approach. Br J Anaesth 2000, 84:87-88 435. Pouzeratte Y, Delay JM, Brunat G, Boccara G, Vergne C, Jaber S, Fabre JM, Colson P, Mann C: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia after abdominal surgery: ropivacaine versus bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:1587-1592 436. Punt CD, van Neer P, de Lange S: Pressure sores as a possible complication of epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1991, 73:657-659 437. Rademaker BM, Sih IL, Kalkman CJ, Henny CP, Filedt Kok JC, Endert E, Zuurmond WW: Effects of interpleurally administered bupivacaine 0.5% on opioid analgesic requirements and endocrine response during and after cholecystectomy: A randomized double-blind controlled study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:108-112 438. Radhakrishnan M, Bithal PK, Chaturvedi A: Effect of preemptive gabapentin on postoperative pain relief and morphine consumption following lumbar laminectomy and discectomy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2005; 17:125-128 439. Raggi R, Dardik H, Mauro AL: Continuous epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural narcotics in vascular surgery. Am J Surg 1987, 154:192-197 440. Raja SN, Dickstein RE, Johnson CA: Comparison of postoperative analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine following arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:1143-1147 441. Rapchuk IL, O'Connell L, Liessmann CD, Cornelissen HR, Fraser JF: Effect of gabapentin on pain after cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:445-451 442. Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Christoffersson E, Dahlstrom B, Arvill A, Rydman H: Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: Influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 1984, 63:583-592 443. Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Dahlstrom B: Postoperative pain relief by epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1981, 60:726-731 444. Rawal N, Sjostrand UH, Dahlstrom B, Nydahl PA, Ostelius J: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief: A comparative study with intramuscular narcotic and intercostal nerve block. Anesth Analg 1982, 61:93-98 445. Ready LB, Chadwick HS, Ross B: Age predicts effective morphine dose after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:1215-1218 446. Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, Wild L: Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:452-456 447. Ready LB, Oden R, Chadwick HS, Benedetti C, Rooke GA, Caplan R, Wild LW: Development of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:100-106 448. Ready LB: Acute pain: lessons learned from 25,000 patients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:499-505 449. Reeves M, Lindholm DE, Myles PS, Fletcher H, Hunt JO: Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:116-120 450. Reiestad F, Stromskag K: Interpleural catheter in the management of postoperative pain. Reg Anesth 1986, 11:89-91 451. Reinoso-Barbero F, Saavedra B, Hervilla S, de Vicente J, Tabares B, Gomez-Criado MS: Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children. Can J Anaesth 2002, 49:67-71 452. Reiz S, Ahlin J, Ahrenfeldt B, Andersson M, Andersson S: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:111-114 453. Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Lurie S, Klatt M, Gibson CS: Dose-response of ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia morphine in patients after spinal fusion surgery. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:98-102 454. Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Steinberg R: Ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled morphine in postoperative spine surgery patients. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:343-346 455. Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Cohen MA, Kilaru PA, Gibson CS: Intraarticular morphine in the multimodal analgesic management of postoperative pain after ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament repair. Anesth Analg 1998, 86:374-378 456. Robertson J: Pediatric pain assessment: validation of multidimensional tool. Pediatr Nursing 1993, 19:209-213 457. Robinson RJ, Brister S, Jones E, Quigly M: Epidural meperidine analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986, 33:550-555 458. Rockemann MG, Seeling W, Brinkmann A, Goertz AW, Hauber N, Junge J, Georgieff M: Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of epidural clonidine, clonidine/morphine, and morphine after pancreatic surgery--a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:869-874 459. Rodgers BM, Webb CJ, Stergios D, Newman BM: Patient-controlled analgesia in pediatric surgery. J Ped Surg 1988, 23:259-262 460. Rosaeg OP, Bell M, Cicutti NJ, Dennehy KC, Lui AC, Krepski B: Pre-incision infiltration with lidocaine reduces pain and opioid consumption after reduction mammoplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:575-579 461. Rosaeg OP, Suderman V, Yarnell RW: Early respiratory depression during caesarean section following epidural meperidine.Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:71-74 462. Rose DK, Cohen MM, Yee DA: Changing the practice of pain management. Anesth Analg 1997, 84:764-772 463. Rosen MA, Hughes SC, Shnider SM, Abboud TK, Norton M, Dailey PA, Curtis JD: Epidural morphine for the relief of postoperative pain after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:666-672 464. Rosenberg M, Curtis L, Bourke DL: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of postoperative pain. Pain 1978, 5:129-133 465. Rosenberg PH, Ssheinin BMA, Lepantalo MJA, Lindfors O: Continuous intraplerual infusion of bupivacaine for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:811- 813 466. Ross DA, Drasner K, Weinstein PR, Flaherty JF, Barbaro NM: Use of intrathecally administered morphine in the treatment of postoperative pain after lumbar spinal surgery: A prospective, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Neurosurgery 1991, 28:700-704, 1991 467. Rosseel PM, van den Broek WG, Boer EC, Prakash O: Epidural sufentanil for intra-and postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a comparative study with intravenous sufentanil. Acta Anaesth Scand 1988, 32:193-198 468. Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Skoglund A, Breivik H: Intraarticular morphine for pain after knee arthroscopy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999, 43:252-257 469. Rostaing S, Bonnet F, Levron JC, Vodinh J, Pluskwa F, Saada M: Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:420-425 470. Roulson CJ, Bennett J, Shaw M, Carli F: Effect of extradural diamorphine on analgesia after caesarean section under subarachnoid block. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:810-813 471. Roy-Shapira A, Amoury RA, Ashcraft KW, Holder TM, Sharp RJ: Transient quadriceps paresis following local inguinal block for postoperative pain control. J Ped Surg 1985, 20:554-555 472. Russell AW, Owen H, Ilsley AH, Kluger MT, Plummer JL: Background infusion with patient-controlled analgesia: effect on postoperative oxyhaemoglobin saturation and pain control. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:174-179 473. Russell WC, Ramsay AH, Fletcher DR: The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine upon pain and respiratory function following open cholecystectomy. Aust N Z J Surg 1993, 63:756-759 474. Rybro L, Schurizek BA, Petersen TK, Wernberg M: Postoperative analgesia and lung function: A comparison of intramuscular with epidural morphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:514-518 475. Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Smith PJB, Eng J, Berrisford RG, Bibby SR, Majid MR: Efficacy of continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block on post-thoracotomy pain and pulmonary mechanics. Br J Surg 1990, 77:221-226 476. Sabanathan S, Smith PJB, Pradhan GN, Hashimi H, Eng JB, Mearns AJ: Continuous intercostal nerve block for pain relief after thoracotomy. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1988, 46:425-426 477. Safran D, Kuhlman G, Orhant EE, Castelain MH, Journois D: Continuous intercostal blockade with lidocaine after thoracic surgery: Clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:345-349 478. Salantera S, Lauri S, Salmi TT, Aantaa R: Nursing activities and outcomes of care in the assessment, management, and documentation of children's pain. J Pediatr Nurs 1999, 14:408-415 479. Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Nuutinen LS: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:790-795 480. Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Vainionpaa V, Nuutinen LS: 0.1% bupivacaine does not reduce the requirement for epidural fentanyl infusion after major abdominal surgery. Reg Anesth 1995, 20:435-443 481. Sanansilp V, Lertakyamanee J, Udompunturak S: Cost-effectiveness analysis of patient- controlled analgesia, intramuscular q.i.d. injection and p.r.n. injection for postoperative pain relief. J Med Assoc Thai 1995, 78:600-604 482. Sandler AN, Stringer D, Panos L, Badner N, Friedlander M, Koren G, Katz J, Klein J: A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for postthoracotomy pain relief: Analgesic, pharmacokinetic, and respiratory effects. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:626-634 483. Sarma VJ, Bostrom UV: Intrathecal morphine for the relief of post-hysterectomy pain--a double-blind, dose-response study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1993, 37:223-227 484. Sartain JB, Barry JJ: The impact of an acute pain service on postoperative pain management. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999, 27:375-380 485. Scheinin B, Asantila R, Orko R: The effect of bupivacaine and morphine on pain and bowel function after colonic surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:161-164 486. Schneider RF, Villamena PC, Harvey J, Surick BG, Surick IW, Beattie EJ: Lack of efficacy of intrapleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Chest 1993, 103:414-416 487. Schoem SR, Watkins GL, Kuhn JJ, Alburger JF, Kim KZ, Thompson DH: Control of early postoperative pain with bupivacaine in adult local tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993, 119:292-293 488. Schoem SR, Watkins GL, Kuhn JJ, Thompson DH: Control of early postoperative pain with bupivacaine in pediatric tonsillectomy. Ear Nose Throat J 1993, 72:560-563 489. Schug S, Torrie J: Safety assessment of postoperative pain management by an acute pain service. Pain 1993, 55:387-391 490. Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, Thomas J, Fox L: Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:368-372 491. Scott DA, Beilby DS, McClymont C: Postoperative analgesia using epidural infusions of fentanyl with bupivacaine. A prospective analysis of 1,014 patients. Anesthesiology 1995, 83:727-737 492. Scott DA, Blake D, Buckland M, Etches R, Halliwell R, Marsland C, Merridew G, Murphy D, Paech M, Schug SA, Turner G, Walker S, Huizar K, Gustafsson U: A comparison of epidural ropivacaine infusion alone and in combination with 1, 2, and 4 microg/mL fentanyl for seventy-two hours of postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 88:857-864 493. Scott NB, Mogensen T, Bigler D, Lund C, Kehlet H: Continuous thoracic extradural 0.5% bupivacaine with or without morphine: Effect on quality of blockade, lung function and the surgical stress response. Br J Anaesth 1989, 62:253-257 494. Scott NB, Mogensen T, Greulich A, Hjortso NC, Kehlet H: No effect of continuous i.p. infusion of bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia, pulmonary function and the stress response to surgery. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:165-168 495. Seltzer JL, Larijani GE, Goldberg ME, Marr AT: Intraplerual bupivacaine - a kinetic and dynamic evaluation. Anesthesiology1987, 67:798-800 496. Semple AJ, Macrae DJ, Munishankarappa S, Burrow LM, Milne MK, Grant IS: Effect of the addition of adrenaline to extradural diamorphine analgesia after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:632-638 497. Serpell MG, Millar FA, Thomson MF: Comparison of lumbar plexus block versus conventional opioid analgesia after total knee replacement. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:275- 277 498. Serpell MG, Thompson MF: Comparison of piroxicam with placebo in the management of pain after total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth 1989, 63:354-356 499. Sevarino FB, McFarlane C, Sinatra RS: Epidural fentanyl does not influence intravenous PCA requirements in the post-caesarean patient. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:450-453 500. Sevarino FB, Sinatra RS, Paige D, Silverman DG: Intravenous ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for management of postgynecologic surgical pain. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:23-27 501. Shah MK: Acute pain service, Kandang Kerbau Hospital, 1995: a first year's experience. Singapore Med J 1997, 38:375-378 502. Shandling B, Steward DJ: Regional analgesia for postoperative pain in pediatric outpatient surgery. J Ped Surg 1980, 15:477-480 503. Shapiro A, Zohar E, Hoppenstein D, Ifrach N, Jedeikin R, Fredman B: A comparison of three techniques for acute postoperative pain control following major abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 2003; 15:345-350 504. Shayevitz JR, Merkel S, O'Kelly SW, Reynolds PI, Gutstein HB: Lumbar epidural morphine infusions for children undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996, 10:217-224 505. Shelly MP, Park GR: Intercostal nerve blockade for children. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:541- 544 506. Shipton EA, Beeton AG, Minkowitz HS: Introducing a patient-controlled analgesia-based acute pain relief service into southern Africa--the first 10 months. S Afr Med J 1993, 83:501-505 507. Shuldham CM, Fleming S, Goodman H: The impact of pre-operative education on recovery following coronary artery bypass surgery. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2002, 23:666-674 508. Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW, Young PS, Brebner J: Postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology 1984, 61:569-575 509. Shulman MS, Sandler A, Brebner J: The reversal of epidural morphine induced somnolence with physostigmine. Can Anaesth Soc J 1984, 31:678-680 510. Sidebotham D, Dijkhuizen MR,Schug SA: The safety and utilization of patient-controlled analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997; 14: 202–209 511. Silomon M, Claus T, Huwer H, Biedler A, Larsen R, Molter G: Interpleural analgesia does not influence postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 2000, 91:44-50 512. Silvasti M, Pitkanen M: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001, 45:471-476 513. Sinatra R, Chung KS, Silverman DG, Brull SJ, Chung J, Harrison DM, Donielson D, Weinstock A: An evaluation of morphine and oxymorphone administered via patient- controlled analgesia (PCA) or PCA plus basal infusion in postcesarean-delivery patients. Anesthesiology 1989, 71:502-507 514. Sinclair R, Westlander G, Cassuto J, Hedner T: Postoperative pain relief by topical lidocaine in the surgical wound of hysterectomized patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:589-594 515. Singelyn FJ, Lhotel L, Fabre B: Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a comparison of intraarticular analgesia, suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:589-592 516. Singelyn FJ, Seguy S, Gouverneur JM: Interscalene brachial plexus analgesia after open shoulder surgery: continuous versus patient-controlled infusion. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1216-1220 517. Singelyn FJ, Vanderelst PE, Gouverneur JM: Extended femoral nerve sheath block after total hip arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:455-459 518. Slattery PJ, Harmer M, Rosen M, Vickers MD: An open comparison between routine and self-administered postoperative pain relief. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:18-19 519. Smedstad KG, Beattie WS, Blair WS, Buckley DN: Postoperative pain relief and hospital stay after total esophagectomy. Clin J Pain 1992, 8:149-153 520. Smith ID, Klubien KE, Wood MLB, Macrae DJ, Carli F: Diamorphine analgesia after caesarean section: comparison of intramuscular and epidural administration of four dose regimens. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:973-976 521. Smythe M, Loughlin K, Schad RF, Lucarroti RL: Patient-controlled analgesia versus intramuscular analgesic therapy. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51:1433-1440 522. Smythe MA, MB Zak, O'Donnell MP, Schad RF, Dmuchowski CF: Patient-controlled analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia plus continuous infusion after hip replacement surgery. Ann Pharmacother 1996, 30:224-227 523. Snell CC, Fothergill-Bourbonnais F, Durocher-Hendriks S: Patient controlled analgesia and intramuscular injections: a comparisons of patient pain experiences and postoperative outcomes. J Adv Nurs 1997, 25:681-690 524. Srivastava U, Kumar A, Saxena S, Mishra AR, Saraswat N, Mishra S: Effect of preoperative gabapentin on postoperative pain and tramadol consumption after minilap open cholecystectomy: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27:331-335 525. Stacey BR, Rudy TE, Nelhaus D: Management of patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of primary surgeons and a dedicated pain service. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:130-134 526. Stadler M, Schlander M, Braeckman M, Nguyen T, Boogaerts JG: A cost-utility and cost- effectiveness analysis of an acute pain service. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16:159-167 527. Stamer UM, Maier C, Grond S, Veh-Schmidt B, Klaschik E, Lehmann KA: Tramadol in the management of post-operative pain: a double-blind, placebo- and active drug- controlled study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997, 14:646-654 528. Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E, Yassouridid A, Lehrberger K, Herz A, Peter K: Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1123-1126 529. Stenseth R, Sellevold O, Breivik H: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain: Experience with 1085 patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:148-156 530. Stevens RD, Van Gessel E, Flory N, Fournier R, Gamulin Z: Lumbar plexus block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 2000, 93:115- 121 531. Stoddart PA, Cooper A, Russell R, Reynolds F: A comparison of epidural diamorphine with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using the Baxter infusor following caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:1086-1090 532. Stone PA, Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA: Norpethidine toxicity and patient controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:738-740 533. Stoneham MD, Cooper R, Quiney NF, Walters FJ: Pain following craniotomy: a preliminary study comparing PCA morphine with intramuscular codeine phosphate. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:1176-1178 534. St-Onge S, Fugere F, Girard M: Bupivacaine decreases epidural meperidine requirements after abdominal surgery. Can J Anaesth 1997, 44:360-366 535. Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McIntyre RE, McNicol PL: Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:24-28 536. Stuart JC, MacGregor FB, Cairns CS, Chandrachud HR: Peritonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine for paediatric tonsillectomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:679-682 537. Stuart-Taylor ME, Billingham IS, Barrett RF, Church JJ: Extradural diamorphine for postoperative analgesia: audit of a nurse-administered service to 800 patients in a district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:429-432 538. Subramaniam B, Pawar DK, Kashyap L: Pre-emptive analgesia with epidural morphine or morphine and bupivacaine. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000, 28:392-398 539. Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS, Chang CF, Mok MS: Combination of low-dose epidural morphine and intramuscular diclofenac sodium in postcesarean analgesia. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:64-68 540. Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS, Chang CF: Effects of epidural morphine and intramuscular diclofenac combination in postcesarean analgesia: A dose-range study. Anesth Analg 76:284-288, 1993 541. Sunshine A, Roure C, Olson N, Laska EM, Zorrilla C, Rivera J: Analgesic efficacy of two ibuprofen-codeine combinations for the treatment of postepisiotomy and postoperative pain. Clin Pharm Ther 1987, 42:374-380 542. Sury MR, Mcluckie A, Booker PD: Local analgesia for infant pyloromyotomy: Does wound infiltration with bupivacaine affect postoperative behaviour? Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1990, 72:324-327 543. Sutters KA, Shaw BA, Gerardi JA, Hebert D: Comparison of morphine patient-controlled analgesia with and without ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Am J Orthop 1999, 28:351-358 544. Sveticic G, Farzanegan F, Zmoos P, Smoos S, Eichenberger U, Curatolo M: Is the combination of morphine with ketamine better than morphine alone for postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia? Anesth Analg 2008; 106:287-293 545. Symreng T, Gomez MN, Rossi N: Intrapleural bupivacaine vs. saline after thoracotomy - Effects on pain and lung function - a double-blind study. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989, 3:144-149 546. Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Dahlstrom B, Lindstrom B, Holmdahl MH: Patient controlled analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period. Acta Anaesth Scand 1979, 23:462- 470 547. Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C, Dahlstrom B, Bondesson U: Patient-controlled analgesic therapy: Clinical experience. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 74:157-160 548. Tamsen A, Harvig P, Fagerlund C, Dahlstrom B: Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, part II. Individual analgesic demand and analgesic plasma concentrations of pethidine in postoperative pain. Clin Pharm 1982, 7:164-175 549. Taylor A, Healy M, McCarroll M, Moriarty DC: Intrathecal morphine: one year's experience in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996, 10:225-228 550. Teddy PJ, Fabinyi GC, Kerr JH, Briggs M: Bupivacaine infiltration after lumbar laminectomy: Local infiltration in the control of early postoperative lumbar laminectomy pain. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:380-383 551. Thind GS, Wells JCD, Wilkes RG: The effects of continuous intravenous naloxone on epidural morphine analgesia. Anaesthesia 1986, 41:582-585 552. Thomas DFM, Lambert WG, Williams KL: The direct perfusion of surgical wounds with local anaesthetic solution: An approach to postoperative pain? Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:226-229 553. Thomas DW, Owen H: Patient-controlled analgesia - the need for caution. Anaesthesia 1988, 4:770-772 554. Thoren T, Sundberg A, Wattwil M, Garvill JE, Jurgensen U: Effects of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1989, 33:181-185 555. Tierney E, Lewis G, Hurtig JB, Johnson D: Femoral nerve block with bupivacaine 0.25 per cent for postoperative analgesia after open knee surgery. Can J Anaesth 1987, 34:455-458 556. Tighe SQ, Bie JA, Nelson RA, Skues MA: The acute pain service: effective or expensive care? Anaesthesia 1998, 53:397-403 557. Timmons ME, Bower FL: Effect of structured preoperative teaching on patients' use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and their management of pain. Orthoped Nurs 1993, 12:23-31 558. Tobias JD, Deshpande JK, Wetzel RC, Solca M: Intrathecal morphine as an adjunct to anesthesia for head and neck surgery. South Med J 1990, 83:649-652 559. Toivonen J, Permi J, Rosenberg PH: Effect of preincisional ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block on postoperative analgesic requirement in day-surgery patients undergoing herniorrhaphy under spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001, 45:603-607 560. Torda TA, Hann P, Mills G, De Leon G, Penman D: Comparison of extradural fentanyl, bupivacaine and two fentanyl-bupivacaine mixtures of pain relief after abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1995, 74:35-40 561. Tordoff SG, Brossy M, Rowbotham DJ, James JN, James R, Raphael JH: The effect of pre- incisional infiltration with lignocaine on postoperative pain after molar teeth extraction under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:585-587 562. Tree-Trakarn T, Pirayavaraporn S: Postoperative pain relief for circumcision in children: Comparison among morphine, nerve block, and topical analgesia. Anesthesiology 1985, 62:519-522 563. Trotter TN, Hayes-Gregson P, Robinson S, Cole L, Coley S, Fell D: Wound infiltration of local anaesthetic after lower segment caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:404-407 564. Tsui SL, Chan CS, Chan AS, Wong SJ, Lam CS, Jones RD: Postoperative analgesia for oesophageal surgery: A comparison of three analgesic regimens. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:329-337 565. Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM: An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia 1997, 52:1042-1047 566. Tsui SL, Tong WN, Irwin M, Ng KF, Lo JR, Chan WS, Yang J: The efficacy, applicability and side-effects of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled morphine analgesia: an audit of 1233 Chinese patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996, 24:658-664 567. Turner GA, Chalkiadis G: Comparison of preoperative with postoperative lignocaine infiltration on postoperative analgesic requirements. Br J Anaesth 1994, 72:541-543 568. Turner RE: An evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. S Afr Med J 1994, 84:807-811 569. Tzeng JI, Mok MS: Combination of intramuscular Ketorolac and low dose epidural morphine for the relief of post-caesarean pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23:10-13 570. Vade Boncouer TR, Riegler FX, Gautt RS, Weinberg GL: A randomized, double-blind comparison of the effects of interpleural bupivacaine and saline on morphine requirements and pulmonary function after cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology 1989, 71:339-343 571. Valley RD, Bailey AG: Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 138 cases. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:120-124 572. van den Nieuwenhuyzen MC, Burm AG, Vletter AA, Stienstra R, van Kleef JW: Epidural vs. intravenous infusion of alfentanil in the management of postoperative pain following laparotomies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:1112-1118 573. van Essen EJ, Bovill JG, Ploeger EJ: Extradural clonidine does not potentiate analgesia produced by extradural morphine after meniscectomy. Br J Anaesth 1991, 66:237-241 574. van Lersberghe C, Camu F, de Keersmaecker E, Sacre S: Continuous administration of fentanyl for postoperative pain: a comparison of the epidural, intravenous, and transdermal routes. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:308-314 575. van Raay JJ, Roukema JA, Lenderink BW: Intraoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1992, 127:457- 459 576. VanDercar DH, Martinez AP, De Lisser EA: Sleep apnea syndromes: A potential contraindication for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 1991, 74:623-624 577. Vandermeersch E: Epidural patient controlled analgesia with bupivacaine and sufentanil. Acta Anaesth Belg 1992, 43:71-74 578. Vanstrum GS, Bjornson KM, Ilko R: Postoperative effects of intrathecal morphine in coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:261-267 579. Vasan NR, Stevenson S, Ward M: Preincisional bupivacaine in posttonsillectomy pain relief: a randomized prospective study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002, 128:145-149 580. Vercauteren M, Lauwers E, Meert T, DeHert S, Adriaensen H: Comparison of epidural sufentanil plus clonidine with sufentanil alone for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1990, 45:531-534 581. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, ten Broecke PW, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA: Epidural sufentanil for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with or without background infusion: a double-blind comparison. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:76-80 582. Vercauteren MP, Saldien V, Bosschaerts P, Adriaensen HA: Potentiation of sufentanil by clonidine in PCEA with or without basal infusion. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1996, 13:571-576 583. Vercauteren MP, Van Den Bergh L, Kartawiadi SL, Van Boxem K, Hoffmann VL: Addition of bupivacaine to sufentanil in patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower limb surgery in young adults: effect on analgesia and micturition. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:182-188 584. Vercauteren MP, Vandeput DM, Meert TF, Adriaensen HA: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with sufentanil following caesarean section: the effect of adrenaline and clonidine admixture. Anaesthesia 1994, 49:767-771 585. Vetter TR, Heiner EJ: Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:110-113 586. Victory RA, Gajraj NM, Van Elstraete A, Pace NA, Johnson ER, White PF: Effect of preincision versus postincision infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1995, 7:192-196 587. Vinson-Bonnet B, Coltat JC, Fingerhut A, Bonnet F: Local infiltration with ropivacaine improves immediate postoperative pain control after hemorrhoidal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2002, 45:104-108 588. Wahab A, Ibrahim M, Farag H, Naguib M: Epidural morphine for pain relief after lumbar laminectomy. Spine 1986, 11:1024-1026 589. Waikakul W, Chumniprasas K: Direct epidural morphine injection during lumbar discectomy for postoperative analgesia. J Medical Assoc Thailand 1992, 75:428-433 590. Wang B, Tang J, White PF, Naruse R, Sloninsky A, Kariger R, Gold J, Wender RH: Effect of the intensity of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on the postoperative analgesic requirement. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:406-413 591. Wang F, Shen X, Liu Y, Xu S, Guo X: Continuous infusion of butorphanol combined with intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26:28-34 592. Wang JJ, Ho ST, Hu OY: Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus saline as an adjuvant for epidural morphine. Reg Anesth 1996, 21:214-218 593. Wang JM, Knarr DC, Raj PP, Denson D: Continuous epidural methadone for the management of postoperative pain after lower abdominal surgery. Reg Anesth 1992, 17:26-28 594. Ward JA, Paul SM: The word-graphic rating scale as a measure of children's and adolescents' pain intensity. Res Nurs Health 1991, 14:361-371 595. Watts RW, Fletcher IA, Kiroff GK, Weber C, Owen H, Plummer JL: The introduction of patient-controlled analgesia into an isolated rural hospital. Aust N Z J Surg 1995, 65:588- 591 596. Watt-Watson J, Stevens B, Costello J, Katz J, Reid G: Impact of preoperative education on pain management outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a pilot. Can J Nurs Res 2000, 31:41-56 597. Weightman WM: Respiratory arrest during epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:282-284 598. Weis OF, Sriwatanakul K, Alloza JL, Weintraub M, Lasagna L: Attitudes of patients, housestaff, and nurses toward postoperative analgesic care. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:70-74 599. Welch DB, Hrynaszkiewicz A: Postoperative analgesia using epidural methadone: Administration by the lumbar route for thoracic pain relief. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:1051- 1054 600. Welchew EA, Breen DP: Patient-controlled on-demand epidural fentanyl: A comparison of patient-controlled on-demand fentanyl delivered epidurally or intravenously. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:438-441 601. Welchew EA, Thornton JA: Continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl: A comparison of epidural fentanyl with intramuscular papaveretum for postoperative pain. Anaesthesia 1982, 37:309-316 602. Welchew EA: On-demand analgesia: A double-blind comparison of on-demand intravenous fentanyl with regular intramuscular morphine. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:19-25 603. Weldon BC, Connor M, White PF: Pediatric PCA: The role of concurrent opioid infusions and nurse-controlled analgesia. Clin J Pain 1993, 9:26-33 604. Welte M, Haimerl E, Groh J, Briegel J, Sunder-Plas L, Herz A, Peter K, Stein C: Effect of interpleural morphine on postoperative pain and pulmonary function of thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1992, 69:637-639 605. Wheatley RG, Madej TH, Jackson IJB, Hunter D: The first year's experience of an acute pain service. Br J Anaesth 1991, 67:353-359 606. Wheatley RG, Shepherd D, Jackson IJ, Madej TH, Hunter D: Hypoxaemia and pain relief after upper abdominal surgery: Comparison of i.m. and patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1992, 69:558-561 607. White CL, Pokrupa RP, Chan MH: An evaluation of the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. J Neurosci Nurs 1998, 30:225-232 608. White CL: Changing pain management practice and impacting on patient outcomes. Clin Nurse Spec 1999, 13:166-172 609. White PF, Parker RK: Is the risk of using "basal" infusion with patient-controlled analgesia therapy justified? Anesthesiology 1992, 76:489 610. White PF: Mishaps with patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:81-83 611. Wiebalck A, Brodner G, Van Aken H: The effects of adding sufentanil to bupivacaine for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:124-129 612. Wiesel S, Grillas R: Patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:37-40 613. Wilder-Smith CH, Schuler L: Postoperative analgesia: pain by choice? The influence of patient attitudes and patient education. Pain 1992, 50:257-262 614. Wilson JF, Brockopp GW, Kryst S, Steger H, Witt WO: Medical students' attitudes toward pain before and after a brief course on pain. Pain 1992, 50:251-256 615. Wilson JF: Behavioral preparation for surgery: benefit or harm? J Behavioral Med 1981, 4:79-101 616. Wilson PT, Lloyd-Thomas AR: An audit of extradural infusion analgesia in children using bupivacaine and diamorphine. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:718-723 617. Wolf AR, Hughes D, Hobbs AJ, Prys-Roberts C: Combined morphine-bupivacaine caudals for reconstructive penile surgery in children: Systemic absorption of morphine and postoperative analgesia. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:17-21 618. Wolf AR, Hughes D, Wade A, Mather SJ, Prys-Roberts C: Postoperative analgesia after paediatric orchidopexy: Evaluation of a bupivacaine-morphine mixture. Br J Anaesth 1990, 64:430-435 619. Wong AK, Bissonnette B, Braude BM, Macdonald RM, St-Louis PJ, Fear DW: Post- tonsillectomy infiltration with bupivacaine reduces immediate postoperative pain in children. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:770-774 620. Woodhouse A, Mather LE: The influence of age upon opioid analgesic use in the patient- controlled analgesia (PCA) environment. Anaesthesia 1997, 52:949-955 621. Woods MP, Rayburn WF, McIntosh DG, Scott JC Jr, Smith ML, Anderson JR: Nalbuphine after major gynecologic surgery: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and intramuscular injections. J Reprod Med 1991, 36:647-650 622. Wright JE: Controlled trial of wound infiltration with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief after appendicectomy in children. Br J Surg 1993, 80:110-111 623. Writer WD, Hurtig JB, Evans D, Needs RE, Hope CE, Forrest JB: Epidural morphine prophylaxis of postoperative pain: Report of a double-blind multicentre study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985, 32:330-338 624. Wust HJ, Bromage PR: Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:404-406 625. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Harukuni I, Hamaya Y: Effective doses of epidural morphine for relief of postcholecystectomy pain. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:80-83 626. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Motokawa K, Ishizawa Y: Intrathecal morphine dose-response data for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:168-171 627. Yamauchi M, Asano M, Watanabe M, Iwasaki S, Furuse S, Namiki A: Continuous low- dose ketamine improves the analgesic effects of fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia after cervical spine surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1041-1044 628. Youngstrom PC, Cowan RI, Sutheimer C, Eastwood DW, Yu JC: Pain relief and plasma concentrations from epidural and intramuscular morphine in post-cesarean patients. Anesthesiology 1982, 57:404-409 629. Zacharias M, Pfeifer MV, Herbison P: Comparison of two methods of intravenous administration of morphine for postoperative pain relief. Anesth Intens Care 1990, 18:205-209 630. Zakine J, Samarcq D, Lorne E, Moubarak M, Montravers P, Beloucif S, Dupont H: Postoperative ketamine administration decreases morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1856-1861 631. Zenz M, Piepenbrock S, Otten B, Otten G, Neuhaus R: Epidural morphine analgesia: I. Postoperative phase. Anaesthesist 1981, 30:77-82 632. Zimmerman DL, Stewart J: Postoperative pain management and acute pain service activity in Canada. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:568-575</p>