<p>Italian Renaissance Test Review</p><p>A. Early Renaissance</p><p>1. Sacrifice of Isaac  Sculpted as by Ghiberti  A sample piece for a competition to create doors for the baptistery of San Giovanni (the Duomo) in Florence  Ghiberti also created the Gates of Paradise.  The nudity of Isaac reflects the rising interest in humanism.</p><p>2. Medici as patrons  Donatello  Verrochio  Botticelli</p><p>3. Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden  Painted by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel  Narrative is taken from the Old Testament of the Bible</p><p>4. Tribute Money  Painted by Masaccio in the Brancacci Chapel  Part of a series on the life of Saint Peter  Masaccio used continuous narration to convey the biblical narrative</p><p>5. Four Crowned Saints (Quattro Santi Coronati)  Sculpted by Nanni di Banco for a niche in Or San Michele  Commissioned by the stone masons guild in Florence</p><p>6. Equestrian statue of Gattamelata  Sculpted in bronze by Donatello  Portrait of a famous Italian condotierre (warlord)  Influenced by the Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius  Demonstrates the interest that 15th century Europeans had in being remembered  Verrocchio, another Florentine artist, also created a famous equestrian portrait </p><p>7. Battle of the Ten Nudes  An engraving by Pollaiuollo  Demonstrates the artist’s interest in human anatomy  Bodies are rendered ecorche</p><p>8. Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to Saint Peter  Painted by Perguino on a side wall of the Sistine Chapel  Reinforces the authority of the pope  Created at a time in which Rome was becoming the center of the Renaissance</p><p>9. Oculus from Camera degli Sposi  Painted by Andrea Mantegna  Commissioned by Ludovico Gonzaga of Mantua  First di sotto in su (below upwards) scene  Illusionistic devices include use of perspective and grisaille</p><p>10. Brunelleschi  Discovered the rules of linear perspective  Designed the cupola (dome) for San Giovanni Cathedral (the Duomo) in Florence </p><p>11. Palazzo Rucellai  Florentine palace for the Rucellai family  Alberti designed its façade  The use of different architectural orders on three levels and round arches reflects the influence of the Roman Colosseum. </p><p>12. Sant’Andrea  Church in Mantua designed by Alberti  Commissioned by the Gonzaga family  Contains classical features as round arches, pilasters, and a pediment  Inspired by Roman triumphal arches  Alberti also wrote books on painting, sculpture, and architecture. </p><p>B. High Renaissance</p><p>1. Cartoon for Virgin and Child with Saint Anne  Drawn by Leonardo da Vinci  A cartoon is a preliminary sketch before creating a final painting.  Leonardo also painted The Virgin of the Rocks</p><p>2. Julius II as patron  Commissioned the building of New Saint Peter’s by Bramante  Commissioned the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo  Commissioned the painting of the Stanza della Segnatura by Raphael</p><p>3. New Saint Peter’s  Initiated by Pope Julius II  Bramante was the original architect on the project  Envisioned a central plan for the new church</p><p>4. David  Sculpted by Michelangelo  Symbol of Florence  Originally placed outside the Palazzo Vecchio (town hall) and was a focal point of the town square</p><p>5. Moses  Sculpted by Michelangelo  Centerpiece of Julius II’s tomb</p><p>6. Sistine Chapel ceiling  Fresco-cycle painted by Michelangelo  Commissioned by Pope Julius II  Demonstrates Michelangelo’s interest in the human body  Narrative of central scenes is drawn from the Book of Genesis (first book of Bible, part of Old Testament)</p><p>7. School of Athens  Painted by Raphael in the Stanza della Segnatura, the library of the papal apartments  Collection of the greatest minds of learning and philosophy  Background architecture resembles Bramante’s design for New Saint Peter’s  Raphael’s inclusion of portraits of great artistic geniuses of his time in the guise of philosophers was intended to raise the status of artists.  Amazing understanding of linear perspective – the evolution of pictorial science  Raphael is also renowned for painting several versions the Madonna and Child.</p><p>8. Venetian painting  In Italy, Venetian painters were the pioneers of oil painting.  Venetian paintings often have rich, lustrous colors. Expressive color often takes higher priority than linear detail.  When the paintings are not of a religious nature, the subject matter of Venetian paintings can be sensuous. </p><p>9. San Zaccaria altarpiece  Painted by Giovanni Bellini, father of Venetian painting  Contains a sacra conversazione</p><p>10. Giorgione  Mysterious painter who died young  Famous for his pastoral scenes as well as scenes of sensuous nudes  Painted The Tempest, Pastoral Symphony, and Sleeping Venus, an early recumbent nude</p><p>11. Pastoral Symphony  Painted in oil by Giorgione  A sensual painting that be an allegory representing music and creativity  Influenced the painter Manet’s Luncheon in the Grass</p><p>12. Bacchus and Ariadne  Painted by Titian  Based on a classical poem  Sensuality and use of color are typical of Venetian painting</p><p>13. Villa Rotonda  House in the Venetian countryside designed by Palladio  Influenced by the Pantheon in Rome  Building influenced Chiswick House and Monticello  Palladio is famous for his designs of villas.  Palladio also wrote books on architecture.</p><p>C. Additional content 1. Arena Chapel  Fresco cycle on the life of Mary and Christ  Painted by Giotto  Interest in portraying realistic figures in an illusionistic space influenced later artists</p><p>2. Artists and their teachers  Leonardo and Verrocchio  Michelangelo and Ghirlandaio  Raphael and Perugino</p><p>3. Linear perspective  Orthogonal lines – real and imaginary lines that lead to a vanishing point when using linear perspective</p><p>4. Artists who painted recumbent nudes  Giorgione  Titian  Manet</p><p>5. Isabella d’Este  Greatest female patron of the arts during the Renaissance  Commissioned work by Leonardo and Titian</p>