<p>Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed. Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life I. Introduction A. The study of chemistry is essential for the study of physiology because______B. Biochemistry is______II. Structure of Matter A. Elements and Atoms 1. Matter is______2. All matter is composed of______3. Examples of elements are______4. Compounds are______5. Elements needed by the body in large amounts are called______6. Six examples of bulk elements are______7. Elements needed by the body in small amounts are called______8. Trace elements are used by the body for______9. Ultratrace elements are______10. Elements are composed of particles called______11. Atoms that make up elements are chemically______B. Atomic Structure 1. The central portion of an atom is called______2. The nucleus contains______3. Electrons carry a______charge. 4. Electrons are located______5. Protons carry a______charge. 6. Neutrons are electrically______7. The nucleus of an atom is______charged.</p><p>2-1 8. A complete atom is electrically______9. The atoms of different elements contain different numbers of______10. An atomic number is______11. Carbon has an atomic number of______12. One atom of carbon contains______protons. 13. The weight of an atom is primarily due to______14. The atomic weight of an atom is______15. The atomic weight of carbon is______16. One carbon atom has ______protons and______neutrons. C. Isotopes 1. Atoms of the same element can vary in atomic weights because______2. An oxygen atom with an atomic weight of 17 has______protons and______neutrons. 3. Isotopes are______4. The number of electrons in an atom equals______5. Radioactive isotopes release______6. Examples of radioactive isotopes are______7. Three common forms of atomic radiation are______8. Alpha radiation consists of______9. Beta radiation consists of______10. The most penetrating type of atomic radiation is______D. Molecules and Compounds 1. Two or more atoms may combine to form______2. A molecular formula depicts______3. The subscripts in a molecular formula indicate______4. When atoms of different elements combine molecules of______form.</p><p>2-2 E. Bonding of Atoms 1. Bonds form when______2. Electrons of an atom are found______3. The first electron shell can hold______4. The second electron shell can hold______5. The third electron shell of an atom with an atomic number 18 will hold______6. ______are filled first. 7. An atom will react with another atom if______8. Inert atoms are______9. Atoms with incompletely filled outer shells______to become stable. 10. Ions are______11. A sodium atom______to become stable. 12. A chlorine atom______to become stable. 13. If an atom loses an electron, it becomes______charged. 14. If an atom gains an electron, it becomes______charged. 15. Positively charged ions are called______16. Negatively charged ions are called______17. An ionic bond forms when______18. A covalent bond forms when______19. When one pair of electrons is shared between atoms, a______is formed. 20. When two pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, a______is formed. 21. When three pairs of electrons are shared between atoms, a______is formed. 22. A structural formula shows______23. When electrons are not shared equally in a covalent bond, a______molecule forms.</p><p>2-3 24. An important example of a polar molecule is______25. A hydrogen bond is______F. Chemical Reactions 1. Reactants of a chemical reaction are______2. Products of a chemical reaction are______3. A synthesis reaction occurs when______4. A decomposition reaction occurs when______5. An exchange reaction occurs when______6. In reversible reactions, products can change______7. Catalysts are______G. Acids, Bases, and Salts 1. When salts are put into water, they dissolve into______2. Substances that release ions in water are called______3. Acids are______4. Bases are______5. A salt is______H. Acid and Base Concentrations 1. Hydrogen ion concentration is typically measured in______2. The pH scale is______3. A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.1 grams per liter has a pH value of______4. A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001 grams per liter has a pH value of______5. The pH scale ranges from ______to______. 6. Each whole number on the pH scale represents______</p><p>2-4 7. As the hydrogen ion concentration increases, the Ph______8. A neutral pH is______9. Acidic solutions have pH values that are______10. Alkaline solutions have pH values that are______11. Solutions with more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions are______12. Solutions with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions are______13. Solutions with equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions are______14. The normal pH of blood is______15. Alkalosis is______16. Acidosis is______17. Buffers are______III. Chemical Constituents of Cells A. Introduction 1. Chemicals that contain carbon and hydrogen are______2. Chemicals that generally do not contain carbon and hydrogen are______3. Many organic chemicals have long chains or ring structures that can be formed because of a carbon atom’s ability to ______4. ______chemicals usually dissociate in water. 5. ______chemicals usually dissolve in organic liquids. 6. Nonelectrolytes are______B. Inorganic Substances 1. Introduction a. Four common inorganic substances in cells are______2. Water a. The most abundant compound in living material is______b. Most metabolic reactions occur in water because______c. In the body, water transports______</p><p>2-5 ______3. Oxygen a. Organelles use oxygen to______b. A continuing supply of oxygen is necessary for______4. Carbon Dioxide a. Carbon dioxide is produced when______b. As carbon dioxide moves into body fluids and blood, it forms______5. Inorganic Salts a. Inorganic salts are sources of______b. Electrolyte balance is______C. Organic Substances 1. Introduction a. Four groups of organic substances in cells are______2. Carbohydrates a. Three things carbohydrates supply to cells are______b. Three elements always found in carbohydrates are______c. The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates is______d. Two types of simple sugars are______e. Monosaccharides have______carbons. f. Disaccharides have______carbons. g. Three examples of monosaccharides are______h. Two examples of disaccharides are______i. Complex carbohydrates are______j. Polysaccharides are built from______k. Three examples of polysaccharides are______</p><p>2-6 ______3. Lipids a. Lipids are soluble in______b. Three examples of lipids are______c. Three elements found in fat molecules are______d. Fats have a smaller proportion of______than carbohydrates. e. The building blocks of fat molecules are______f. All fatty acid molecules include______g. Two ways fatty acid molecules differ are______h. A saturated fatty acid is______i. Fatty acids with one double carbon-carbon bond is______j. Fatty acids with more than one double carbon-carbon bond is______k. A single fat molecule is called a______l. One triglyceride contains______m. Saturated fats contain______n. Unsaturated fats contain______o. The number of fatty acid chains in a phospholipid molecule is______p. The part of a phospholipid molecule that is soluble in water is______q. The part of a phospholipid molecule that is insoluble in water is______r. Phospholipids are important in______s. Steroids contain connected rings of______t. An important steroid found in all body cells is______u. Cholesterol is used to synthesize______4. Proteins a. Three important functions of proteins are______</p><p>2-7 b. Enzymes are______c. Four elements always found in proteins are______d. One element sometimes found in proteins is______e. The building blocks of proteins are______f. Amino acids have an______at one end and a ______at the other end. g. The twenty amino acids differ______h. Peptide bonds are______i. A polypeptide is______j. The four levels of protein structure are______k. The primary structure of a protein is______l. In secondary structure, a polypeptide chain forms______m. ______determines secondary structure. n. The folding of secondary structure is called______o. Protein function is determined by______p. When a protein denatures, it______q. Four things that cause a protein to denature are______r. The quaternary structure of a protein forms when______5. Nucleic Acids a. What do Nucleic acids do?______b. The five elements found in nucleic acids are______c. The building blocks of nucleic acids are______d. The three parts of a nucleotide are______e. A polynucleotide is______</p><p>2-8 f. Two major types of nucleic acids are______g. RNA contains the sugar______h. DNA contains the sugar______i. ______is a single polynucleotide chain. j. ______is a double polynucleotide chain. k. The function of DNA is______l. The function of RNA is______m. DNA has the unique ability to______</p><p>2-9</p>