ETOf-C//—^ fo / PAUL S CHER HER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 i J i I i i i i PSI • Scientific Report 1998 / Volume V General Energy Photo Cover View along the tubing system of a prototype Condensation Interface which was developed for the on-line measurement of heavy metal concentrations in hot gases. See article by Ch. Ludwig, S. Stuck! and A.J. Schuler Photo: Armin Muller, RSI PAULSCHERRER INSTITUT ISSN 1423-7342 March 1999 Scientific Report 1998 Volume V General Energy ed. by: Christina Daum and Jakob Leuenberger CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland Phone: 056/310 21 11 Telefax: 056/310 21 99 http://www1.psi.ch/www_f5_hn/f5_home.html DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 A. Wokaun Renewable Energies and Materials Cycles 3 The Influence of Chlorine on the Fate and Activity of Alkali Metals during the Gasification of 4 Wood R. Struis, C. von Scala, A. Schuler, S. Stuck! On-Board Conversion of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether as an Alternative Diesel Fuel 6 H. Armbruster, G. Heinzelmann, R. Struis, S. Stuck! Solar Thermal Production of Zinc: Program Strategy 8 A. Steinfeld, A. Weidenkaff, S. Moeller, R. Palumbo Economic Evaluation of the Solar Thermal Co-Production of Zinc, Synthesis Gas, and 10 Hydrogen A. Steinfeld, I. Spiewak (EC Joint Research Centre, Spain) Solar Production of Catalytic Filamentous Carbon by Thermal Decomposition of Hydro- 12 carbons and Carbon Monoxide V.A. Kirillov, G.G. Kuvshinov, Yu.l. Mogilnykh (Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Russia), A. Reller (University of Hamburg, Germany), A. Steinfeld, A. Weidenkaff, A. Meier Development of an Apparatus to Study Chemical Reactions at High Temperature - 14 A Progress Report M. Sturzenegger, Th. Schelling, E. Steiner, D. Wuillemin Monte-Carlo Ray Tracing Simulation of a Falling Particle Receiver in Connection with a 16 Central Receiver Field I. Alxneit Sources and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and its Effect on 18 the Separation Technique S. Biollaz, Ch. Ludwig, S. Stuck! Heavy Metal Evaporation Kinetics in Thermal Waste Treatment Processes 20 Ch. Ludwig, S. Stucki, A.J. Schuler Materials Development and Methods of Characterization for Energy Research 23 Catalyst Development and Systems Analysis of Methanol Partial Oxidation for the 24 Fuel Processor - Fuel Cell Integration E. Newson, P. Mizsey, P. Hottinger, T.B. Truong, F. von Roth, Th. Schucan Low Temperature Catalytic Combustion of Natural Gas - Hydrogen - Air Mixtures 26 E. Newson, F. von Roth, P. Hottinger, T.B. Truong Use of Periodic Variations of Reactant Concentrations in Time Resolved FTIR Studies of 28 CO Oxidation on Pd/Zr02 Catalysts E. Ortelli, A. Wokaun XPS Investigations on the UV-Laser Ablation Mechanism of Poly(ether imide) [Kapton®] 29 J. Wambach, T. Kunz, B. Schnyder, R. Kotz, A. Wokaun In-Situ Raman Spectroscopy as a Characterization Tool for Carbon Electrodes 30 J.-C. Panitz, F.B. Joho, P. Novak Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Anion Intercalation into HOPG 32 D. Alliata, P. Haring, O. Haas, R. Kotz, H. Siegenthaler (University of Bern) Investigation of the Porous Structure of Glassy Carbon by SAXS - an Application of 34 Synchrotron Radiation A. Braun, M. Bartsch, B. Schnyder, R. Kotz, O. Haas ESR Spectroscopic Investigations of the Radiation-Grafting of Fluoropolymers 35 G. Hubner (University of Stuttgart), H.P. Brack, E. Roduner (University of Stuttgart), G.G. Scherer Photocell Modelling for Thermophotovoltaic Applications 37 J.-C. Mayor, W. Durisch, B. Grab, J.-Ch. Panitz Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 39 Influence of Water Contamination and Conductive Additives on the Intercalation of Lithium 40 into Graphite F. Joho, B. Rykart, P. Novak, M.E. Spahr (Timcal AG), A. Monnier (Timcal AG) Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Carbonate Based Electrolyte Solutions at Lithium 42 Metal Oxide Electrodes R. Imhof, P. Novak Electrically Rechargeable Zinc/Air Battery: A High Specific Energy System 44 F. Holzer, J.-C. Sauter, G. Masanz, S. Muller High Surface Area Carbon for Bifunctional Air Electrodes Applied in Zinc-Air Batteries 46 H. Aral (on leave from NTT Laboratories, Japan), S. Muller, O. Haas Studies of Activated Carbon and Carbon Black for Supercapacitor Applications 47 R. Richner, S. Muller, R. Kotz, A. Wokaun Oxygen Evolution Studies on Perovskite Films in Alkaline Media 48 V. Hermann (ETH Lausanne), Ch. Comninellis (ETH Lausanne), S. Muller Glassy Carbon Supercapacitor: 100,000 Cycles Demonstrated 50 M. Bartsch, A. Braun, B. Schnyder, R. Kotz Long Term Testing of PSI-Membranes 51 J. Huslage, H.P. Brack, F. Geiger, F.N. Biichi, A. Tsukada, G.G. Scherer Toughness of Membranes Applied in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 53 J. Kiefer, H.P. Brack, G.G. Scherer Conductivity Studies on Commercially Available Proton-Conducting Membranes with 55 Different Equivalent Weight J. Huslage, F.N. Buchi, G.G. Scherer In-Plane Resolved in-situ Measurements of the Membrane Resistance in PEFCs 57 F.N. Buchi, G.G. Scherer CO Tolerance of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 59 L. Gubler, G.G. Scherer, A. Wokaun Miniaturized Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) Stack Using Microstructured Bipolar Plate 61 Z. Veziridis, G.G. Scherer, Ch. Marmy, F. Glaus Experimental 1 kW 20 Cell PEFC Stack 63 F.N. Buchi, C.A. Marmy, M. Ruge (ETH Zurich), G.G. Scherer 300 W Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Generators for Educational Purposes 65 A. Tsukada, I. Popelis (Fachhochschule Solothurn Nordwestschweiz), F.N. Buchi, G.G. Scherer, O. Haas Combustion Research 67 NOx Formation in Lean Premixed Combustion of Methane at High Pressures 68 K. U.M. Bengtsson, P. Griebel, R. Scharen An Investigation of Turbulent Catalytically Stabilized Channel Flow Combustion of Lean 70 Hydrogen - Air Mixtures I. Mantzaras, P. Benz, R. Schaeren, R. Bombach Laser-Induced Incandescence: Towards Quantitative Soot Volume Fraction Measurements 72 A.P. Tzannis, F. Wienbeucker, P. Beaud, H.-M. Frey, T. Gerber, B. Mischler, P.P. Radi Dissociation Dynamics of Methylal 74 P. Beaud, H.-M. Frey, T. Gerber, B. Mischler, P.R. Radi, A.-P. Tzannis Reaction Pathways of the Dissociation of Methylal: A OFT Study 76 H.-M. Frey, P. Beaud, T. Gerber, B. Mischler, P.P. Radi, A.-:P. Tzannis Laser Induced Fluorescence Measurements of the Mixing of Fuel Oil with Air 77 A. Arnold, R. Bombach, W. Hubschmid, B. Kappeli Measurement of Gas Flow Velocities by Laser-Induced Gratings 81 B. Hemmerling, D.N. Kozlov (General Physics Institute, Moscow), A. Stampanoni-Panariello Investigation of Soot by Two-Color Four-Wave Mixing 83 B. Hemmerling, A. Stampanoni-Panariello Hydrolysis of Isocyanic Acid on SCR Catalysts 85 M. Elsener, M. Kleemann, M. Koebel Consequences of Energy Use for Atmosphere and Climate 87 Increasing Alpine Transit Traffic through Switzerland will Considerably enhance High 88 Altitude Alpine Pollutant Levels A.S.H. Prevot, J. Dommen, M. Furger, W.K. Graber How Representative was the 1996 VOTALP Mesolcina Valley Campaign? 90 M. Furger Plume Spread and Atmospheric Stability 91 R.O. Weber Two-Scale Analysis of Intermittency in Fully-Developed Turbulence 92 R. Badii, P. Talkner Semiadiabatic Theory of Seasonal Markov Processes 94 P. Talkner Short-Term Impacts of Air Pollutants in Switzerland: Preliminary Scenario Calculations for 96 Selected Swiss Energy Systems S. Andreani-Aksoyoglu, J. Keller Comparison of Ecosystem Water Flux Measured with the Eddy Covariance- and the Direct 98 Xylem Sap Flux Method in a Mountainous Forest G. Stefanicki, P. Geissbuhler, R. Siegwolf The Adaptation Rate of Terrestrial Ecosystems as a Critical Factor in Global Climate 100 Dynamics J.S. Fussier, F. Gassmann Simulation of Plant Communities with a Cellular Automaton 102 F. Gassmann Automobile Technology in a C02-Constrained World 104 A. Schafer (MIT, Cambridge), S. Kypreos, L. Barreto Gomez, H.D. Jacoby (MIT, Cambridge) Ph. Dietrich (ETH Zurich and PSI) GHG-Emissions for Cars with Different Power Trains over the Whole Life Cycle 106 A. Rdder Learning Curves in Energy Planning Models 108 L. Barreto, S. Kypreos Global Post-Kyoto Scenario Analyses at PSI 110 S. Kypreos Appendix 112 1 INTRODUCTION A. Wokaun In 1998, the necessity of reducing global greenhouse DME from methanol on-board of vehicles by compact gas emissions in view of imminent global changes was catalytic converters. again in the focus of worldwide discussions involving Technologies for solar energy utilization can rarely politicians, stakeholders, and the society at large. In compete with today ’s low fossil energy prices, but hold view of a growing world population and a desirable a large potential when C02 reduction targets will be economic development in many world regions, the implemented. Solar chemistry aims at the production reduction of C02 emissions represents an extremely of solar fuels, i.e. storing solar energy in the form of challenging task. chemicals with a high heating value, which may be In view of its mission to contribute towards the devel­ stored and transported to the site of energy need opment of a globally more sustainable energy supply (such as, again, in transport applications). As an ex­ system, the General Energy Department is focusing on ample of this concept, we are presenting our strategy four topical areas: for the solar thermal production of zinc, together with an economic evaluation. Solar decarbonization of fos ­ • advancing technologies for the use of renewable sil fuels is another interesting greenhouse gas mitiga ­ energies tion option. • investigating options for chemical and electro ­ chemical energy storage on various time scales TOWARDS A MORE SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY - • developing highly efficient converters for the low DEVELOPMENT OF MATERIALS, ENERGY STOR­ emission use of fossil and renewable fuels, includ­ AGE DEVICES, AND EFFICIENT CONVERTERS ing both combustion devices and fuel cells Renewable fuels hold a large potential on the route • analyzing the consequences of energy use, and towards a more sustainable mobility.