<p> APES Water Unit Vocabulary Properties of Water</p><p>Adhesion – the tendency of water to stick to other substances </p><p>Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object </p><p>Capillary Action – the process that moves water through a narrow porous space</p><p>Cohesion – the attractive force between water molecules</p><p>Density – the measure of mass of a substance per unit volume</p><p>Insoluble – not soluble; does not dissolve in a solvent</p><p>Polarity – uneven distribution of charges across a molecule</p><p>Soluble – having the ability to be dissolved in another substance</p><p>Specific Heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius</p><p>Surface Tension – the force that acts on the surface of water</p><p>Universal Solvent – the quality of water that makes it able to dissolve more substances that any other substance </p><p>Solvent- the substance that does the dissolving</p><p>Solute- the substance the is being dissolved Distribution of Water/Water Cycle</p><p>Condensation – the process of warm air cooling as it rises and releasing moisture in the form of a liquid</p><p>Evaporation – the process by which a liquid is changed into a vapor</p><p>Fresh water – water on Earth that is used for human consumption</p><p>Groundwater – water located below Earth’s surface</p><p>Human Consumption – the ability for humans to eat/drink</p><p>Hydrosphere – the portion of the Earth that contains water</p><p>Impermeable – does not allow water to move through</p><p>Infiltration – water that seeps into rocks and between particles of soil</p><p>Percolation – the downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity </p><p>Permeable – having pores or openings that allow water (or other liquids) to flow through them</p><p>Precipitation – the rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth’s land and oceans</p><p>Runoff – is precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers. This water later enters oceans.</p><p>Surface Water – water found on the surface of the Earth Transpiration – water vapor given off by plant photosynthesis</p><p>Water Cycle – the continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean</p><p>Structure of the Hydrosphere</p><p>Aquifer – an underground layer of rock or soil that holds water</p><p>Artesian Well – a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer</p><p>Drought – a long period of scarce rainfall</p><p>Glaciers – a large mass of moving ice and snow on land </p><p>Hydrology – the study of water</p><p>Hydrosphere – the portion of Earth that contains water</p><p>Icecaps – a glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center</p><p>Icebergs – a large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier</p><p>Reservoir – a lake that stores water for human use</p><p>River Basin – the region of land drained by a river and its tributaries</p><p>Watershed – the land area that supplies water to a river system</p><p>Wetland – a land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year. AKA estuary, swamp, bog Ocean Vocabulary</p><p>Oceanography - The study and exploration of the world's ocean.</p><p>ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) - Unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots using a joy stick. </p><p>Scuba - Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus - device that allows divers to breathe underwater for long periods of time</p><p>SONAR - SOund NAvigation Ranging - used to measure ocean depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor. </p><p>Submersible – A small submarine used to explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms, cameras and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording data.</p><p>Abyssal Plain - mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat. </p><p>Benthos - organisms that live on or in the ocean floor </p><p>Chemosynthesis - the production of organic material by energy from chemical reactions rather than light.</p><p>Consumer - feed on other organisms (plant or animal) because they cannot make their own food.</p><p>Continental Shelf - extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. Continental Slope - The steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain</p><p>Ecosystem - A community of different but interdependent species and their non-living environment.</p><p>Estuary – body of water where a river meets the ocean</p><p>Food Chain - A hierarchy of food relationships from the simplest to most complex.</p><p>Habitat - The immediate space where an animal or plant lives and has food, water and protection.</p><p>Hydrothermal Vent - An opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater</p><p>Intertidal Zone - the area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line.</p><p>Mid-Ocean Ridge - A chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean.</p><p>Nekton - free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves</p><p>Neritic Zone - the first 200 meters (656 feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental shelf.</p><p>Oceanic Zone - Extends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way down to the bottom of the ocean. Ocean trench - the deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one is the Marianas Trench (located in the South Pacific Ocean - almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers) deep.</p><p>Photosynthesis - A chemical process where plants and algae use a sun's energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. </p><p>Producer - a living thing that produces its own food within itself, usually by using sunlight energy in photosynthesis</p><p>Salinity – the amount of dissolved solids in seawater</p><p>Seamount - A volcanic peak that rises at least 3280 feet (1000 m) from the seafloor. </p><p>Upwelling - the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters</p><p>Protecting Our Waters</p><p>Bio indicator – organisms or components of organisms that are used to assess the health of a water system; an organism or community associated with particular environmental condition a change to the number of organisms or the proportions of the community indicate a change in the environment.</p><p>Dissolved Oxygen – Measure of water quality indicating free oxygen dissolved in water.</p><p>Indicator – A chemical material or solution which can be used to show (usually by a change in color) the endpoint of a chemical reaction or chemical concentration. Examples Nitrate – nitrogen compounds used for growth by plants and algae; a compound that can be used by photosynthetic life forms to obtain the nitrogen needed for survival pH – the measure of how acidic or basic a substance. pH scale – rating of how acidic or basic a substance is the scale goes from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral values less than 7 being acidic and values greater than 7 being </p><p>Turbidity – a measure of the clarity of the water (how clear is it?) </p><p>Water quality – used to describe the health of a water system</p><p>Contaminates – Any foreign components in a substance, for example in water.</p><p>Non-point source pollution – pollution that comes from many places or sources that is not easily identified; pollution that results from water flow picking up trash, toxic chemicals, and other types of waste</p><p>Point Source pollution – pollution that can be traced to a specific source such as oil that spills from a pipeline </p><p>Pollutant – any substance or form of energy that can cause harm to the environment and make it unfit for use by organisms; any substance that can negatively affect an ecosystem</p><p>Stewardship – responsibility for conserving and restoring the Earth’s resources for future generations Wastewater – water that runs into drains that may contain sewage and chemicals from homes and businesses or pollutants from industry</p><p>Food Chain and Food Webs</p><p>Omnivore- an organism that eats both plants and animals</p><p>Herbivore- an organism that eats only plants</p><p>Carnivore- an organism that eats only meat</p><p>Food web – two or more food chains that are interconnected</p><p>Food chain- a model that shows the flow of energy from one organism to another </p><p>Predator- an animal that hunts for food</p><p>Prey- an animal that is hunted for food</p><p>Producer – a plant that make its own food</p><p>Consumer- an organism that cannot make its own food and must eat to get energy</p><p>Sea- part of the ocean surrounded by mostly land</p><p>Salinity- the concentration of salt in the ocean</p><p>Wave –rhythmic movement of energy in the water caused by high winds</p><p>Tide- the rise and fall of the sea level Upwelling- the upward movement of cold water from the ocean floor</p><p>El Nino- abnormal climate event that occurs every 2-7 years</p><p>Continental Shelf - the gradually sloping end of a continent that extends under the ocean</p><p>Continental Slope- the part of the ocean that extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf down to the ocean floor</p><p>Abyssal Plains -large, flat areas on the ocean floor </p><p>Seamounts -underwater volcanic mountains that rise more than 100 meters above the ocean floor</p><p>Guyots – flat topped seamounts</p><p>Trenches -the deepest parts of the ocean found along the edge of the ocean floor</p><p>Mid-ocean Ridge- the area in an ocean basin where new ocean floor is formed</p>