Hydrogen and Baeries for Propulsion of Freight Trains in Norway Federico Zenith Steffen Møller-Holst Magnus Thomassen Birmingham, July 4–5, 2016 Outline Non-Electrified Railways in Norway Alternaves for Electrificaon Techno-Economical Analysis 1 Outline Non-Electrified Railways in Norway Alternaves for Electrificaon Techno-Economical Analysis 2 Norwegian Railway Network Focus on non-electrified lines (in red) • Røros and Solør lines (381 km, 94 km) – Catenary officially proposed – “Backup” for Dovre line • Rauma line (111 km) – Scenic line for tourists – Catenary not desirable • Nordland line, 731 km – To be partly electrified (130 km) – Up to 19 ‰ slope • Policians: “Please electrify everything” • Railway authority asked SINTEF 3 Freight on Nordland line Alternaves for Railway Electrificaon in Norway As considered in SINTEF’s study • Alternaves considered: – Biofuels – Natural gas – Hydrogen – Baeries – Diesel – Catenary – Hybrids • Evaluaon criteria – Environment – Technology readiness – Regulatory framework – Economy – Flexibility & robustness 4 Alternaves for Railway Electrificaon in Norway As considered in SINTEF’s study • Alternaves considered: – Biofuels – Natural gas – Hydrogen – Baeries – Diesel – Catenary – Hybrids • Evaluaon criteria – Environment – Technology readiness – Regulatory framework – Economy – Flexibility & robustness Freight on Nordland line 4 • Crosses polar circle • Strong winds (few or no trees) • Ice formaon on infrastructure 10-hour cab rides on Youtube (“Nordlandsbanen minu for minu”) The Nordland Line • Single-track line • Passing loops: 600 m • Vossloh Euro 4000 locomoves – Diesel-electric – 400 kN, 3.15 MW • 19 ‰ slope at Saljellet – Freight trains at 40 km/h Freight train at Trondheim 5 10-hour cab rides on Youtube (“Nordlandsbanen minu for minu”) The Nordland Line • Single-track line • Passing loops: 600 m • Vossloh Euro 4000 locomoves – Diesel-electric – 400 kN, 3.15 MW • 19 ‰ slope at Saljellet – Freight trains at 40 km/h • Crosses polar circle • Strong winds (few or no trees) Freight train at Saljellet • Ice formaon on infrastructure 5 The Nordland Line • Single-track line • Passing loops: 600 m • Vossloh Euro 4000 locomoves – Diesel-electric – 400 kN, 3.15 MW • 19 ‰ slope at Saljellet – Freight trains at 40 km/h • Crosses polar circle • Strong winds (few or no trees) Freight train at Saljellet • Ice formaon on infrastructure 10-hour cab rides on Youtube (“Nordlandsbanen minu for minu”) 5 Outline Non-Electrified Railways in Norway Alternaves for Electrificaon Techno-Economical Analysis 6 Characteriscs of Nordland line Current Opons Diesel and Catenary Diesel Catenary Extra infrastructure None Large Energy cost High Low Polluon Local & Global None Direct Tracve effort High Low Power Low High Appropriate traffic volume Low High Appropriate populaon Sparse Dense Appropriate inclinaon High Low Appropriate speed Low High 7 Current Opons Diesel and Catenary Characteriscs of Nordland line Diesel Catenary Extra infrastructure None Large Energy cost High Low Polluon Local & Global None Direct Tracve effort High Low Power Low High Appropriate traffic volume Low High Appropriate populaon Sparse Dense Appropriate inclinaon High Low Appropriate speed Low High 7 • Hydrogen – 1 “H2 wagon”: 182 MWh – Require hydrogen refuelling – Fuel cells: 15 t for 5.6 MW • Baeries – Hybridisaon with baeries – Heavy and cumbersome – 1 baery wagon: 5.7 MWh – 3 wagons for Nordland line – Opon to charge midway » At staon » With short catenary Alternaves Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Baeries • Biodiesel – “Quick fix” – Less global, same local polluon 8 • Hydrogen – 1 “H2 wagon”: 182 MWh – Require hydrogen refuelling – Fuel cells: 15 t for 5.6 MW – Hybridisaon with baeries Alternaves Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Baeries • Biodiesel – “Quick fix” – Less global, same local polluon • Baeries – Heavy and cumbersome – 1 baery wagon: 5.7 MWh – 3 wagons for Nordland line – Opon to charge midway » At staon » With short catenary 8 Alternaves Biodiesel, Hydrogen, Baeries • Biodiesel • Hydrogen – “Quick fix” – 1 “H2 wagon”: 182 MWh – Less global, same local – Require hydrogen refuelling polluon – Fuel cells: 15 t for 5.6 MW • Baeries – Hybridisaon with baeries – Heavy and cumbersome – 1 baery wagon: 5.7 MWh – 3 wagons for Nordland line – Opon to charge midway » At staon » With short catenary 8 Outline Non-Electrified Railways in Norway Alternaves for Electrificaon Techno-Economical Analysis 9 Example • CAPEX I: 1 million € • Lifeme n: 20 years • Interest rate r: 4 % • Annualised CAPEX A: 73 582 € • OPEX 15 000 € • Equivalent annual cost: 88 582 € Equivalent Annual Cost Comparison Criterion • Very different lifemes – Baeries: 2–3 years – Catenary: 75 years • Use Equivalent Annual Cost A, equivalent to Net Present Value Xn − I ≡ NPV = A (1 + r) i i=1 ! Disregards opportunity costs 10 Equivalent Annual Cost Comparison Criterion • Very different lifemes Example – Baeries: 2–3 years • CAPEX I: 1 million € – Catenary: 75 years • Lifeme n: 20 years • Use Equivalent Annual Cost A, equivalent to Net Present Value • Interest rate r: 4 % • Annualised CAPEX A: 73 582 € Xn − I ≡ NPV = A (1 + r) i • OPEX 15 000 € i=1 • Equivalent annual cost: 88 582 € ! Disregards opportunity costs 10 Selecon of Input Data Costs, Lifemes and Traffic • US DoE state of art / near targets • Norwegian Railway Authority – Baeries: 500 $/kWh, – Catenary: 1.5 M€/km 1500 cycles – Power price: 33 €/MWh – Fuel cells: 300 $/kW • Diesel: 1.4 €/L » Dynamic operaon: 12 000 h • Traffic on Nordland line » Stac operaon: – 6 locomoves 50 000 h (hybrid) – 3000 train movements a year – Hydrogen storage: 12 $/kWh – Hydrogen staon: 4400 $/kg d, 10 years 11 Results – At a Glance Hydrogen Hybrid CAPEX, Infrastructure CAPEX, Locomotives Hydrogen CAPEX, New Technologies OPEX, Energy • Hydrogen is cheapest Battery, mid-charge OPEX, Infrastructure OPEX, Rolling Stock • Baery very close second Battery w/ catenary • Mid-charging not Battery aracve Catenary • Catenary most expensive Biodiesel Diesel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− 12 Results – Diesel Current Technology Hydrogen Hybrid CAPEX, Infrastructure CAPEX, Locomotives • Dominang energy costs Hydrogen CAPEX, New Technologies OPEX, Energy – High diesel cost Battery, mid-charge OPEX, Infrastructure – Lower efficiency OPEX, Rolling Stock Battery w/ catenary – Excise taxes (Europe) Battery • High other OPEX Catenary – High maintenance – Lower for biodiesel Biodiesel Diesel (CO2 taxes) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− 13 Results – Catenary Tradional Alternave Hydrogen Hybrid CAPEX, Infrastructure CAPEX, Locomotives Hydrogen CAPEX, New Technologies • Dominang OPEX, Energy Battery, mid-charge OPEX, Infrastructure infrastructure costs OPEX, Rolling Stock – Investment 1 billion € Battery w/ catenary Battery • Long-term commitment: Catenary 75 years Biodiesel • Lowest energy costs Diesel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− 14 Results – Baeries Hydrogen Hybrid CAPEX, Infrastructure CAPEX, Locomotives • Dominang baery costs Hydrogen CAPEX, New Technologies OPEX, Energy – High CAPEX Battery, mid-charge OPEX, Infrastructure – Low lifeme OPEX, Rolling Stock Battery w/ catenary • Lowest energy costs Battery • Midway charging not Catenary aracve Biodiesel – Same baery costs Diesel – More infrastructure 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− 15 Results – Hydrogen Hydrogen Hybrid CAPEX, Infrastructure • Low energy costs CAPEX, Locomotives Hydrogen CAPEX, New Technologies • CAPEX/OPEX for OPEX, Energy Battery, mid-charge OPEX, Infrastructure refuelling staon OPEX, Rolling Stock Battery w/ catenary • Fuel cells cheaper than baeries Battery • Hybrid layout Catenary – 1.5 MWh baeries Biodiesel – Regenerave braking Diesel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 – Staonary fuel cells Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− 16 Results towards 2050 Year 2015 Year 2021 Diesel Biodiesel Catenary Battery Battery w/ catenary Battery, mid-charge Hydrogen Hydrogen Hybrid Year 2027 Year 2050 Diesel Biodiesel Catenary Battery Battery w/ catenary Battery, mid-charge Hydrogen Hydrogen Hybrid 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 1 1 Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− Equivalent Annual Cost / M year− CAPEX, Infrastructure OPEX, Energy CAPEX, Locomotives OPEX, Infrastructure CAPEX, New Technologies OPEX, Rolling Stock 17 Extended Analysis for Norwegian Railway Authority Development towards 2050 Short term Natural gas and paral catenary are easiest to implement Medium term Baery electrificaon and biodiesel increase readiness Long term Hydrogen and baeries dominate Full report (A27534) available online at sintef.no. 18 Conclusions • Hydrogen and baeries have strong potenal for powering trains… – … but catenary will be always cheaper with enough traffic • Advantages: – Lower energy costs (like catenary) – Lile or no infrastructure (like diesel) • Disadvantages: – Baeries: high baery CAPEX – Hydrogen: low technology readiness, missing regulaons • Relevant environments beyond Norway: – USA (over 200 000 km, almost none electrified) – Canada (almost 50 000 km, almost none electrified) 19 Acknowledgements Research performed with the support of Jernbaneverket, the Norwegian Railway Authority. Thank you for your aenon! 20 Technology for a beer society.