<p>1. In the late 1200's Marco Polo visited the court of Khubilai Khan.</p><p>2. In 962 C.E. Pope John XII presented the imperial crown to Otto of Saxony</p><p>3. In the high middle ages the state which seemed to have the most potential to recreate centralized, imperial rule was the Holy Roman Empire</p><p>4. The single biggest obstacle to the rise of a powerful Holy Roman Empire was an ongoing conflict with the papacy.</p><p>5. The Investiture Contest centered around the appointment of church officials by imperial authorities.</p><p>6. In a larger sense, the Investiture Contest represented the struggle between church and state for control in Europe</p><p>7. The Investiture Contest reached its peak with a struggle between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV.</p><p>8. Frederick Barbarossa was blocked by the popes in his attempt to gain control over Lombardy.</p><p>9. The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was blocked from gaining control of Lombardy by the popes.</p><p>10. The quip that the Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" is attributed to Voltaire.</p><p>11. In 987 the French nobles chose Hugh Capet as their king.</p><p>12. Hugh Capet was crowned king of France in 987 but it took centuries for the French kings to build a powerful, centralized state.</p><p>13. England developed the most tightly centralized political structure in its early stages.</p><p>14. In 1066 William of Normandy conquered England. 15. In Italy the political structure was marked by a series of city-states and principalities.</p><p>16. The reconquista took place in the Iberian peninsula.</p><p>17. Government and financial support did not help explain the increased agricultural production of the high middle ages.</p><p>18. By the year 1300 the population of Europe had risen to around 79 million.</p><p>19. The high middle ages witnessed a resurgence of urbanization.</p><p>20. The revival of urban society was most pronounced in Italy.</p><p>21. The Hanseatic League was a trading network that operated in the North Sea and Baltic Sea.</p><p>22. Eleanor of Aquitaine was famous for her support of romantic poets and troubadours.</p><p>23. The guilds of the high middle ages almost always admitted women as members.</p><p>24. Central to the philosophy of the high middle ages was the rediscovery of Aristotle.</p><p>25. St. Thomas Aquinas believed that it was possible to prove rationally that God exists 26. During the high middle ages the most popular saint was the Virgin Mary.</p><p>27. The Dominicans and Franciscans attacked materialism and would allow no personal possessions.</p><p>28. The Waldensians attacked the increasing materialism of European society.</p><p>29. The Cathars advocated an ascetic, pure, spiritual existence, to attain spiritual perfection they proposed renouncing wealth and marriage, and saw the world as a place of an unrelenting battle between good and evil.</p><p>30. Newfoundland was discovered around the year 1000 C.E. by the Scandinavian seafarer Leif Ericsson.</p><p>31. Crusading orders included : Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights.</p><p>32. During the eleventh century Roger Guiscard captured Sicily away from Islamic control.</p><p>33. The last surviving Islamic outpost in Spain was, Granada.</p><p>34. The first attempt in response to Pope Urban II's appeal for a crusade came from Peter the Hermit.</p><p>35. Pope Urban II launched the crusades in 1095.</p><p>36. The only one of the crusades that managed to achieve its goal of recapturing Jerusalem was the First Crusade.</p><p>37. Jerusalem was captured in 1187 by Saladin.</p><p>38. Consequence of the Fourth Crusade included: the establishment of a Roman Catholic regime in Constantinople, the sacking of Constantinople, and the beginning of a long period of decline for Constantinople.</p><p>39. The Fourth Crusade managed to capture and sack the city of Constantinople.</p><p>40. The Crusades increased trade between the eastern and western Mediterranean. </p>