<p>Ancient Rome Part 1</p><p>I. Geography of Rome</p><p>A. Rome is located in the current country of Italy.</p><p>B. It is located on a narrow peninsula, land covered on three sides by water.</p><p>1. Enemies had a difficult time invading on such a narrow piece of land.</p><p>C. Mountains</p><p>1. The Alps Mountains provided protection from the north.</p><p>2. The Apennines runs down the center of Italy.</p><p>D. The Mediterranean Sea is to the south.</p><p>1. It protected Rome from invasion from other lands.</p><p>2. Allowed Rome to develop a large trade network with other nations onthe Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>3. Rome eventually conquered the lands along the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>II. Latins (753 BC)</p><p>A. The original settlers of Rome were the Latins.</p><p>B. The language of the Latins became the language of the Romans called Latin.</p><p>C. Latin is the basis of the Romance Languages - Languages of Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian.</p><p>1. The languages are classified as Romance because of similarities in structure and vocabulary.</p><p>D. English came from Germanic languages. We use many Latin terms in our vocabulary.</p><p>1. In Medicine - orthodontics, infection, rigor mortis (stiffness of the body at death)</p><p>2. In Law - in loco parentis (in place of the parent); veto (the power of a president or governor to prevent a law)</p><p>3. In Science - Homo Sapien (scientific name for humans), Canis lupus familiari (scientific name for dog)</p><p>4. Teen Literature - Panem (bread in Latin), name of the country from The Hunger Games series.</p><p>5. Others - et cetera (etc.), curriculum (courses offered by a school), circus</p><p>III. Etruscans (600 BC) A. The Etruscans were from the north of Rome and conquered the city.</p><p>B. Under the Etruscans, Rome grew in power and importance.</p><p>C. The Etruscans built large temples for the gods and publics works including a large sewer called the Cloaca Maxima, still in use today.</p><p>D. Due to trade, Rome became the wealthiest city in all of Italy.</p><p>IV. Etruscan Monarchy </p><p>A. The Etruscans were ruled by a family of monarchs called the Tarquins. (Monarch - A government ruled by a king or queen.)</p><p>B. The last of the Tarquin monarchs ruled as a tyranny. Absolute power of one ruler that is often cruel.</p><p>C. The Romans did not like being ruled by a tyrant so they overthrew the monarchy.</p><p>D. They set up their own government called a republic - A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws and the head of the state is not a monarch.</p><p>E. NO ROMAN OR ITALIAN USED THE TITLE KING OR QUEEN AGAIN!!!</p><p>Part 2</p><p>I. Republic - Form of representative democracy and type of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and to make laws and the head of the state is not a monarch.</p><p>A. To serve in Rome's Republic you had to be a citizen and male.</p><p>B. Roman Society was divided into two groups:</p><p>1. Plebeians - Common People - Peasants, craftspeople, traders, and other workers.</p><p> a. Majority of the population</p><p> b. At first, not allowed to participate in the government but eventually got the right.</p><p>2. Patricians - Nobles - Wealthy and powerful citizens</p><p> a. Small minority of the population</p><p> b. At first, controlled all the government but eventually had to allow the Plebeians.</p><p>C. Tripartite - A Government of Three Parts OR 3 branches (similar to U.S. Government) - THIS WAS TO MAKE SURE NO ONE PERSON HAD ABSOLUTE POWER OVER THE GOVERNMENT!! 1. Branch One of the Government</p><p> a. Magistrates - The elected representatives to Rome's Government.</p><p> b. Consuls - Two most powerful magistrates. </p><p> c. Elected to one year terms. One ran the city of Rome. The other ran the army. </p><p> d. Two instead of one so no one could become too powerful. CONSULS WERE THE MOST POWERFUL MEN IN ALL OF ROME!!!</p><p> e. Other Magistrates held other government positions for 1 year terms.</p><p>2. Branch Two of the Government</p><p> a. Roman Senate - Council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders.</p><p> b. Met to advise the consuls and magistrates.</p><p> c. Held office for life.</p><p>3. Branch Three of the Government</p><p> a. Two Branches of Part Three of the government.</p><p> b. First Branch - Assemblies - All Patrician and Plebeian males took part in Assemblies</p><p> c. Second Branch - Tribune - Elected officials elected by Plebeians. Could veto and held office for 1 year.</p><p>D. Dictator - A ruler who has complete and absolute power over a country.</p><p>1. During a time of emergency or crisis (ex. war), a dictator could be appointed to run the Roman Republic.</p><p>E. Checks and Balances - Keep any one part of a government from becoming stronger or more influential than the others.</p><p>1. Term limits of one year.</p><p>2. One consul could block the actions of another- veto.</p><p>3. Laws proposed by the Senate had to be approved by magistrates and ratified (approved) by assemblies</p><p>II. Rule of Law </p><p>A. Rome's laws were written down in a code; a collection of rules and laws. B. First code was written on 12 bronze tables, or tablets; Law of the Twelve Tables</p><p>C. Tables were displayed in the Forum - Rome's public meeting place.</p><p>III. Power of the Roman Republic</p><p>A. Rome became more powerful due to trade along the Mediterranean Sea and by conquest (to conquer or takeover).</p><p>B. Trade - Romans became very wealthy from trade.</p><p>C. Conquest</p><p>1. Forced Greece, Spain, Macedonia, Asia Minor (Turkey today), and the island of Sicily to become part of Rome.</p><p>2. Punic Wars - Wars between Rome and Carthage. Rome won and became the most dominant power in the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p> a. Scipio Africanus - Roman general who defeated Hannibal of Carthage</p><p>IV. Rome's Achievements</p><p>A. Architecture and Engineering</p><p>1. Arch-Being a rounded shape, arches can support more weight than other shapes.</p><p>2. Vault- a continuous arrangement of arches, usually forming a ceiling or roof. </p><p>3. Coliseum- The most famous example in Roman engineering</p><p>4. Aqueduct- Raised channel used to carry water from mountains to cities. </p><p>5. Dome- a rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base </p><p>6. Roads- Built in layers; each layer was a different material. Road were very durable and lasted for centuries.</p><p>7. Cement- mixed a mineral called lime with volcanic rock and ash. Cement is very hard and watertight.</p><p>Part 3</p><p>I. The Roman Republic</p><p>A. The Roman Republic lasted more than 500 years with an elected government.</p><p>B. However, in a time of crisis such as war, the government would appoint a dictator to run the country. </p><p>III. Expansion of Rome A. Rome defeated neighboring cities taking their lands such as in the Punic Wars.</p><p>1. Punic Wars - A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage.</p><p>2. Cause – Both Carthage and Rome wanted to control trade on the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>3. Result - Rome won and destroyed Carthage. Rome became the dominant power in the western Mediterranean.</p><p>B. Organization of the Military</p><p>1. Legions - Total of 6,000 soldiers, each legion was divided into centuries, groups of 100 men.</p><p>III. Julius Caesar</p><p>A. 59 BC - Julius Caesar was named one of the two consuls, and ruled Rome for one year. </p><p>B. After being Consul he was named governor of Gaul. Caesar was a successful general and conquered Gaul (France today).</p><p>C. First Triumvirate - An alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. Together the 3 men ruled the Roman Republic for 10 years.</p><p>1. Eventually Crassus was killed in battle, and Julius Caesar and Pompey had a civil war and Julius Caesar won.</p><p>D. Julius Caesar eventually made himself dictator for life.</p><p>E. JULIUS CAESAR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR CAUSING THE END OF THE REPUBLIC.</p><p>F. Senators were concerned he was getting too much power, so a group of Senators attacked him, and stabbed him to death.</p><p>1. He was killed on March 15th, 44 BC on the floor of the Roman Senate, The Ides of March.</p><p>IV. Caesar Augustus</p><p>A. Octavian - Caesar's kin - Later called himself Caesar Augustus.</p><p>B. Second Triumvirate - An alliance between Marc Antony, Octavian, and Marcus Lepidus to rule Rome after the death of Julius Caesar</p><p>C. First goal was to catch Julius Caesar's killers. They caught them, defeated them in battle, and the killers committed suicide. D. Octavian and Marc Antony had a civil war after Marc Antony married Octavian's sister, then married the Egyptian Cleopatra without divorcing Octavian's sister first.</p><p>E. Octavian wins the civil war and becomes Rome's first Emperor. He took the name Caesar Augustus (Augustus means exalted or sacred one).</p><p>1. WITH CAESAR AUGUSTUS DEFEAT OF MARC ANTONY, IT OFFICIALLY ENDED THE ROMAN REPUBLIC, AND IT BECAME AN EMPIRE.</p><p> a. empire - a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler</p><p> b. emperor - Absolute ruler of an empire.</p><p>2. Under Caesar Augustus, Rome increased the size of the empire due to trading and military conquest.</p><p>3. Goods traded from lands under Roman control to the city of Rome included raw materials such as metals, cloth, and food.</p><p>4. Goods traded from the city of Rome to lands under Roman control included goods made by artisans such as jewelry, glass, and clothing.</p><p>F. Currency - Money - Roman coins of silver and gold were used for trading.</p><p>G. Pax Romana - "Roman Peace" long time period of peace and safety in the Roman Empire.</p><p>1. During this time Rome was at peace for 200 years and prospered.</p><p>2. Roman literature spread and Rome had responsible honest leaders.</p><p>3. Roman citizenship was given to all free men in the empire.</p><p>V. Decline and Collapse of the Roman Empire</p><p>A. Reason #1 – TOO LARGE TO CONTROL</p><p>1. Economic Cost of an Empire so large</p><p>2. Economics - Part of society that creates wealth. Wealth comes from the production of goods and services, which people buy with money.</p><p>3. It cost a lot of money to keep an army. The army protected people and trade routes.</p><p>4. Government programs to take care of citizens cost money.</p><p>5. Government raised money by increasing taxes.</p><p>B. Reason #2 – POOR MORALS AND VALUES</p><p>1. Decline of traditional Roman values 2. As Rome grew stronger and richer, moral values declined.</p><p>3. Corruption grew also. Corruption - Decay of people's values.</p><p>4. Example - Corrupt government officials took bribes and used threats to achieve goals such as political power.</p><p>C. Reason #3 – INVASIONS FROM OUTSIDERS</p><p>1. Threats from Outside the Empire</p><p>2. Groups such as the Vandals, Angles, Saxons, Huns, and Visigoths attacked and invaded parts of the Roman Empire making it weaker.</p><p>D. Reason #4 – DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE</p><p>1. Division into Eastern and Western Empire</p><p>2. Emperor Diocletian thought the empire was too large for one person to rule and split it into two parts.</p><p>3. Eastern Part became known as the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople became its capital.</p><p>Part 4</p><p>I. The Byzantine Empire </p><p>A. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts; Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire.</p><p>1. The Western Roman Empire lasted till AD 400.</p><p>2. The Eastern Half, the Byzantine Empire lasted until 1450 AD.</p><p>II. Location of the Byzantine Empire</p><p>A. Constantinople was the capital of the empire. </p><p>B. Roman Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire here from Rome. He is considered by many to be the "Last Roman" emperor.</p><p>1. This city was located on the continents of Asia and Europe.</p><p>2. It is located on the Bosporus Strait connecting the Aegean Sea (Mediterranean) and Black Sea.</p><p>3. It became important for international trade.</p><p>4. It was easily defended. 5. It became the greatest city in the west.</p><p>6. Today the city is known as Istanbul.</p><p>III. Preservation of Greek and Roman Culture</p><p>A. Scholars preserved the literature of the Greeks and the Romans.</p><p>IV. Government and Law</p><p>A. Emperor Justinian created the Justinian Code.</p><p>1. He made a code or collection of laws, like Hammurabi did in Babylon and the Roman law of the Twelve Tables. </p><p>2. The code made it easier for the average citizen to know the laws.</p><p>B. Justinian wife's name was Theodora. She influenced the Byzantine Empire.</p><p>V. Culture</p><p>A. The empire had government officials and teachers educated.</p><p>B. Artists created mosaics. These are designs made of small bits of colored stone, marble, or glass.</p><p>C. They decorated Christian Churches throughout the empire.</p><p>Part 5 </p><p>I. Greek/Roman Mythology </p><p>A. Mythology - traditional stories dealing with the gods and heroes of a particular people </p><p>B. Greek and Roman mythology was polytheistic - believing in more than one god or goddesses.</p><p>C. Greek/Roman gods lived in the heavens, the earth, and the underworld.</p><p>D. People of Greece and Rome believe that their gods controlled all aspects of their lives.</p><p>E. Roman mythology was adopted from Greek mythology.</p><p>1. Greek god = Zeus; Roman god = Jupiter</p><p>2. Greek god = Poseidon; Roman god = Neptune</p><p>3. Greek god = Aphrodite; Roman god = Venus</p><p>F. People built temples, made sacrifices, and prayed for assistance in their lives. G. Both believed in the afterlife but gave more attention to this life.</p><p>H. Mythology in the Roman Empire.</p><p>1. Conquered people by the Roman could continue to practice their religion as long as it was not see as a threat to Roman rule.</p><p>2. Christianity was seen as a threat to the power of the emperor’s rule.</p><p>II. Christianity - Origins</p><p>A. Judaism is the basis of Christianity. Christianity grew and is related to this religion.</p><p>B. Monotheism - Christians believe in one God.</p><p>C. Originally Christianity was seen as a threat to the polytheism beliefs of the Roman Empire and to the power of the emperor.</p><p>III. Christianity-Founder</p><p>A. Jews are waiting for a savior known as a Messiah.</p><p>B. Christians believe that Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah.</p><p>C. Jesus is considered the founder of Christianity</p><p>IV. Christianity – Foundational Beliefs</p><p>A. Jesus had followers or 12 disciples (apostles) who helped Jesus spread his teachings.</p><p>B. Jesus was considered a healer and prophet</p><p>C. He was considered the Son of God.</p><p>D. Jesus taught a message of love and devotion to God and all human beings.</p><p>E. Christians believe that Jesus died on the cross as a sacrifice to provide a way to forgive mankind.</p><p>F. Christians believe that Jesus was resurrected from the dead so mankind could be forgiven of their sins and have a relationship with God.</p><p>V. Christianity – Holy Book</p><p>A. The Bible contains the sacred writings of Christianity </p><p>VI. Christianity – Spread of (Diffusion) Religion</p><p>A. Christianity was first spread beyond Jerusalem and Judea as Christians moved to other areas to being persecuted for their beliefs by the Romans. 1. For a period of time, it was illegal to practice Christianity in the Roman Empire and if caught could face punishment.</p><p>B. It spread throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean world due to the teaching and preaching of Jesus, Peter, Paul, and the John the Apostle.</p><p>C. Christianity eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire under the emperor Constantine.</p><p>1. Christianity then spread to all parts of the empire.</p><p>2. It affected western culture and western civilization.</p><p>D. Today Christianity is predominately found on 3 continents: North America, South America, and Europe</p><p>E. Today there are Christians found in most countries.</p>