<p> Environmental Health and Toxicology</p><p>I. Chemical Hazards A. Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on human health 1. Toxicity – </p><p> a. Measurements of toxicity i. Acute toxicity – </p><p> ii. Chronic toxicity – </p><p> b. Factors affecting toxicity i. Solubility – </p><p> ii. Persistence- </p><p> iii. Bioaccumulation / Biomagnification a. Bioaccumulation </p><p> b. Biomagnification </p><p> iv. Interactions of chemical mixtures </p><p>2. Dose – </p><p> a. A dose-response curve shows the effect of different doses on a population of test organisms i. Threshold dose </p><p> ii. ED50 (effective dose 50%)</p><p> iii. LD50 (lethal-dose 50) </p><p> b. Exposure to chemicals </p><p>B. Methods used to determine toxicity 1. Laboratory investigations </p><p>2. Epidemiological evidence </p><p>3. Case studies C. Types of Chemical Hazards 1. TOXIC chemicals </p><p> a. Mutagens – </p><p> b. Teratogens – </p><p> c. Carcinogens – </p><p>2. HAZARDOUS chemicals a. b. c. d. </p><p>D. Effect of chemicals on human health 1. Immune system</p><p>2. Neurotoxins</p><p>3. Endocrine disrupters </p><p>E. Chemical Regulation 1. “Innocent until proven guilty”</p><p>2. Funding</p><p>3. Interactions</p><p>II. Biological Hazards A. Transmissible diseases </p><p>1. Pathogens</p><p>2. Vectors</p><p>B. Emerging Diseases 1. Developing countries</p><p>2. Global changes – </p><p>3. Antibiotic resistance –</p>