Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics Universität Hohenheim Head: Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ulfert Focken DEVELOPMENT OF SUPPLEMENTAL DIETS FOR CARP IN VIETNAMESE UPLAND PONDS BASED ON LOCALLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES Dissertation Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” (Dr.sc.agr./ PhD. in Agriculture Sciences) to the Faculty Agricultural Sciences Presented by Tuan, Nguyen Ngoc From Thai Binh (Vietnam) 2010 This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree “Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften” by the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at University of Hohenheim, on 30th of April 2010. Date of oral examination: 18th of May 2010 Examination Committee Supervisor, Reviewer, and Examiner: Prof. Dr. U. Focken Reviewer and Examiner: Prof. Dr. M. Rodehutscord Examiner: Prof. Dr. F. Heidhues Vice-Dean and Head of the Committee: Prof. Dr. W. Bessei Acknowledgements This study would not have been finished without the support of the staff of the Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics, Department of Aquaculture Systems and Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim and of the Department of Aquaculture, Hanoi University of Agriculture. During my PhD study, I have been indebted to many people without whom this dissertation could never have been completed. First of all, I would like to express my sincere thanks to PD. Dr. Ulfert Focken, my supervisor, for his unreserved support and encouragement in the conduct of this study. I would like to give special thanks to Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker, who initially accepted me to come to Germany to study. His sympathy and his excellent ways of organizing have given me great inspiration and motivation to pursue the rough scientific road. I would like to thank to Mr. Kim Van Van who gave me permission to work and to use the facilities in the above mentioned Department. I appreciate the support given by all of my colleagues in Vietnam, especially Dung, Hoai, Mai, Tuyet, Hang, Chau who did not hesitate to help me with hard work, and my student, Hung, who provided substantial assistance during the field trials. I would like to thank my colleagues, who shared their working lives with me during this period, especially, Herrmann Baumgärtner and Beatrix Fischer for their invaluable guidance in laboratory work. My special thanks to Euloge Dongmeza for his close friendship and for giving advice at all stages from initial planning to data analysis, right up to completion of this thesis. I also would like to give special thanks to Peter Lawrence and his wife for their invalueable help in correction of my thesis. I was lucky to work with Silke Steibronn. I greatly appreciated her generous help and empathy which gave me strength to cope with many difficulties. Special thank to my Vietnamese friends in Hohenheim for their encouragement and moral support. My life in Hohenheim would have been so boring without the Vietnamese community. Especial thanks to Minh not only for her friendship and i support during my time in Hohenheim but also for critically reading the first draft of my thesis. Personally, I am most grateful to my parents and family who have always supported me with their love and concern. I could not have finished my study without their encouragement, patience, sacrifice and sympathy. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the DAAD for financial support during my study period. ii Table of Content Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... i Table of Content ............................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ ix List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... x Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literature Reviews ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1 General Aquaculture ................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Aquaculture of Vietnam ........................................................................................... 7 2.3 Rural aquaculture and current aquaculture system in Yen Chau – Son La - Vietnam ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Role of aquaculture in rural development ............................................................... 9 2.3.2 Aquaculture in Yen Chau ...................................................................................... 10 2.4 Feed technology and roles of fish meal in fish feed worldwide .......................... 13 2.5 Alternative protein sources and constraints ........................................................ 16 2.6 Earthworm and potential of vermi-culture .......................................................... 17 2.7 Common carp .......................................................................................................... 21 2.7.1 Common carp biology ........................................................................................... 21 2.7.2 Common carp culture ............................................................................................ 22 2.7.3 Nutritional requirements of common carp ............................................................ 28 iii 2.7.4 Feed for common carp in practice ......................................................................... 32 2.7.5 The need to develop of low-cost diets, with reference to conditions in Yen Chau ........................................................................................................................... 35 3. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................. 37 3.1. Experimental procedure ........................................................................................ 37 3.2. Trial animals ........................................................................................................... 38 3.3. Trial diets ................................................................................................................ 38 3.3.1 Ingredients .............................................................................................................. 38 3.3.2 Diet formulation ..................................................................................................... 39 3.4. Experimental setup ................................................................................................ 44 3.4.1 Laboratory trials (Trial 1, Trial 3, and Trial 4) ...................................................... 44 3.4.2 Field trial (Trial 2) .................................................................................................. 46 3.5. Chemical analyses .................................................................................................. 49 3.5.1 Analysis of proximate compositions ...................................................................... 49 3.5.2 Analysis of amino acids of ingredients, diets and fish .......................................... 52 3.5.3 Soybean treating and trypsin inhibitor analysis ..................................................... 52 3.5.4 Tannin analysis ...................................................................................................... 53 3.5.5 Determination of TiO2 ........................................................................................... 54 3.6 Formulas used ......................................................................................................... 55 3.7 Data analysis ............................................................................................................ 57 4. Results ........................................................................................................................ 58 4.1 Nutritive values of potential feed ingredients in Yen Chau ................................ 58 4.1.1 Proximate composition .......................................................................................... 58 4.1.2 Amino acid composition of feed ingredients ......................................................... 61 4.1.3 Chemical composition, amino acid composition and estimated cost of feed in the study ..................................................................................................................... 6 4 iv 4.2 Effects of the locally formulated diets on fish growth performance under different conditions (laboratory conditions (Trial 1) and field conditions (Trial 2) .................................................................................................................... 71 4.2.1 Environmental parameters in the feeding trials ..................................................... 71 4.2.2 Feed acceptance, fish behaviour, and survival rate ............................................... 77 4.2.3 Growth