<p>SCH3U Date: ______</p><p>Chemistry Independent Project (2007-2008) Ask the Expert!</p><p>This project will be part of the Making Connections mark. You will be evaluated based on three components (see end for marking scheme). You have the choice of working alone or with one other person in researching & presenting a topic to the class. The following is a list of research topics to choose from. The due dates for every group will be different, & will be selected at a later date. The due dates will range from November 19, 2007 to January 10, 2008.</p><p>For all Projects (Written Component): There are different parts to the written component for this project. All written material will be pasted onto ONE Bristol board. 1. One page point-form summary of your research notes, with references where the information was gathered. The due date for the research summary notes is: Tuesday, November 13, 2007. If you have lots of research notes, resize the font or print two pages on the same side of the sheet of paper so that all the research notes appear on one face of the paper. A mark will be given for timely submission of point-form notes by the research due date. You may, of course, do additional research after this date, but most of, if not all, of the research should have been completed by this due date. The initialed summary will be pasted on the back of the Bristol board. 2. You will be submitting two copies of your report. a. One copy of the written text should be 1½ spacing, TYPED, using Times New Roman 10 pt font, minimum 3 pages. The borders will be one inch around the entire text. The three page minimum does not include diagrams, captions or the bibliography. It should address each of the requested points, in proper paragraph form (no headings). This will be pasted on the back of the Bristol board, uncut or unaltered in any way. Do not include captions, tables or any other “space- using items”. There is no need to paste the copies of the report in an aesthetically pleasing way. This will be marked for completion, not content. b. The second copy of the written text will be pasted on the front of the Bristol board. You may choose to re-size or change the font to form an aesthetically pleasing display. You may add headings & cut up the report into sections. Captions, diagrams, observations (if applicable) & chemical reactions (these may be neatly hand-drawn) should be added. Be sure to paste the bibliography to the front of the Bristol board. The front of the Bristol board will be marked for content & presentation. 3. Do not glue large objects that prevent the stacking of projects on top of each other. 4. Do NOT plagiarize. Plagiarism occurs when you take someone else’s work & claim it as your own. Plagiarized work will result in a mark of zero for the written component.</p><p>For all Projects (Oral Component): 1. You & your partner will present your findings to the rest of the class. Do NOT read your report.  Your oral report should summarize your findings, but make it interesting & informative. The presentation should be 5 to 10 minutes in length. Please provide some kind of visual aid during your presentation. The use of overheads or an additional Bristol board containing larger diagrams or captions are acceptable, but only the Bristol board containing the report will be marked. 2. The class will be asking you questions, so make sure you know what you’re talking about!!! Answering questions are not included in the 5 to 10 minute presentation. See #3 below. 3. You will be expected to ask intelligent questions of groups presenting. If you ask 4 intelligent questions, you will earn 4 marks towards the oral section of your mark. Maximum of 1 mark per day. If you ask 1 intelligent question, you get 1 mark.</p><p>Regarding Due Dates: Every topic will have a different due date. Be sure to plan your research accordingly to meet your presentation due date. In the event of an excursion, sports activity, test or major project due in another course on the same day as your presentation due date, you may choose to swap due dates with another group. The swap must be made in advance & must be approved by the teacher before the due date, otherwise a late mark will apply. </p><p>1 Final Notes:</p><p>1. Bibliography:  Your bibliography must include at least THREE sources, one of which MUST be a hardcopy source (not including your textbook). For example, the minimum requirements for your bibliography may include one book & two websites  Wikipedia is not acceptable as a reference, but is okay to use as a starting point  Include your bibliography as a separate page, using APA format</p><p>2. Summary Notes:  Remember to get your research completed by the research due date & initialed by your teacher  Include references on your summary sheet  The summary sheet is to be pasted on the back of the Bristol board</p><p>3. Plagiarism:  Any project where plagiarism is present will receive a grade of ZERO for the written report</p><p>4. Oral Presentation:  The entire presentation cannot be pre-taped in advance  Do NOT read your report to the class. Summarize your findings & make your topic sound interesting  Summarize your findings in your presentation, make it interesting & informative  Minimum of five minutes in length, up to a maximum of 10 minutes  Provide visuals!  The class will be asking you questions, so make sure you know what you’re talking about!!</p><p>Marking Scheme: The written & oral components will be treated equally by percentage. Note: a mark adjustment may be allowed in cases where the workload was not fairly divided between group members.</p><p>For the written component, you will be graded on the following criteria: (the same mark for each pair) Category Marking Criteria Grammar & Grammar & spelling appropriate to grade level is present 0 1 2 3 4 Spelling (Canadian spelling only) Precise & Concise Report makes sense in a clear-cut way 0 1 2 3 Answers All required questions/topics have been thoroughly addressed 0 1 2 3 Requirements Appropriate Use of Diagrams, captions, etc., are labeled, present & logically used 0 1 2 Diagrams 0. 1. 2. Bibliography Proper format, uses an appropriate number of references 0 1 5 5 0 0. 1. 2. Appealing Layout Layout is neatly constructed & aesthetically pleasing 0 1 5 5 0 Summary of Securely pasted to the back & initialed by teacher in advance 0. 1. 2. Research Notes 0 1 (including timely submission by research due date) 5 5 0 with references Meets the minimum 3 page, 1½ spaced, Times New Roman 10 pt Length of Report font, 1 inch border requirement (text on both sides of Bristol 0. 1. 2. 0 1 (on back) board should match, allowances for minor variation such as 5 5 0 headings is allowed) Due Date Written part of project is completely ready on the due date, at the 0 1 2 Submission beginning of class All text in report is typed, no last minute corrections in Typed 0 1 pen/pencil/whiteout are present</p><p>For the oral component, you will be graded on the following criteria: (one for each member of the pair)</p><p>2 Category Marking Criteria Within time constraints 0. 0. Time 0 1 2 Time Taken For Presentation: ______5 5 Visual aids are used appropriately to support facts in Use of Visuals 0 1 2 3 presentation Volume/Clearness/Enunc Content spoken by presenters can be clearly heard from back 0 1 2 3 iation of room & understood Presentation begins right at the beginning of class, without Organized 0 1 2 excessive delays Presentation indicates that it has been rehearsed before (no Preparation 0 1 2 “winging” it) Attempts at eye contact with audience is made, not just at Eye Contact 0 1 2 teacher; avoiding looking down during presentation Coherent Content spoken by presenters make sense 0 1 2 Appropriate body language (standing, sitting, etc) as 0. Posture/Body Language 0 1 appropriate during presentation 5 Has the ability to competently answer questions posed by 0. Competence 0 1 class 5 0. Wow Factor Overall impression of presentation, originality 0 1 5 Class participation through asking thoughtful questions of Intelligent Questions 0 1 2 3 4 other presentations</p><p>3 TOPICS (in no particular order)</p><p>Botox:  What is botox?  What is it used for? (both past & present)  Who uses it?  Where did it come from?  How does it work?  Who discovered it?</p><p>Alchemy:  Historical perspective: who were the alchemists & what did they want? What did they do to try to achieve their goals?  What are the physical & chemical properties between gold & fool’s gold (iron disulphide, a.k.a., iron pyrite)  Why can’t sulphur be converted to gold?</p><p>Erasers:  History of the eraser  How are they made?  What is it made of?  How does it work?</p><p>Electron Microscope:  Who created it?  What are the different types of electron microscopes? What makes them different?  How is it used?  How are samples prepared for these microscopes?  How does it work?  How does it differ from a light microscope?  What is it used for?  What are the disadvantages of using electron microscopes?</p><p>Tattoos/Henna:  What are the historical uses of tattooing?  What are the health risks of tattooing?  How are tattoos applied?  Describe tattoo removal  What is the difference between Henna & tattooing?  Chemical formula differences between henna & tattoo inks</p><p>Toothpaste:  History  How is it made?  List of typical ingredients  Different varieties of toothpaste claim to be able to do different things, are they true?  What is done to ensure safe use of toothpaste?  Health regulations  Active ingredients</p><p>Dark Matter:  What is dark matter?  How is dark matter different from “ordinary” matter?  Where is dark matter typically found?</p><p>4  Why is dark matter of special significance?  How is dark matter related to chemistry?  State any interesting facts about dark matter  What does current research say about dark matter?  Name & describe the different particles of dark matter  Name & describe the current theories of dark matter</p><p>Nicotine in Cigarettes/Cigars:  How are they made?  What are the different components of a cigarette?  What are the effects of cigarettes on the body?  List the chemical ingredients  How does light cigarettes differ from regular cigarettes?  List the pros & cons of using alternatives, such as the patch—are they good or bad?  What chemicals are found in a typical cigarette & what are these chemicals used for?  Differences between cigarettes & cigars  Nicorette—can it really reduce the craving for nicotine?  Is there such a thing as a nicotine-free cigarette?</p><p>CD/DVD’s:  How are they made?  What chemicals are they made of?  Differences between the CD & DVD?  - or +, is there a difference?  How does a CD/DVD-R differ from a CD/DVD-RW?  How are tape cassettes different from CDs & DVDs?</p><p>Cold Packs/Heat Pads:  What are they? What chemicals are used to produce the instant hot or cold?  Illustrate the different types of hot/cold packs  How are they made & how do they work?  Some are reusable…what are they made of?</p><p>Forensics:  What is forensics?  What are the practical applications of forensic sciences?  What is the process taken in the analysis of an unknown substance?  How much material is absolutely necessary for a full analysis?  Give some interesting facts about forensics  What should a person take in school (highschool & university/college) if they want to be a forensic scientist?  Liquid vs solid unknown samples…is there a difference between them during analysis?</p><p>Filters:  Define & explain how a physical filter works (illustrate with examples of real-life scenarios)  Define & explain how a chemical filter works (illustrate with examples of real-life scenarios)  Define & explain how a biological filter works (illustrate with examples of real-life scenarios)  Why use filters?  What are the practical applications of filters?  Explain how a Brita (or other water filtration product) works  Do water filtration products filter everything? How are they made?</p><p>Light Generating Sources:  What are incandescent & fluorescent light bulbs made of?  How do fluorescent light bulbs work?</p><p>5  How do incandescent light bulbs work?  Is there a difference between a compact fluorescent light bulb & a regular tube fluorescent light bulb?  Which is more cost efficient? Why?  How are each made?  What determines the brightness (or type of light) emitted by a compact fluorescent bulb?</p><p>Light:  Additive/subtractive colours  Differences between flashlights & lasers  Explain how glow-in-the-dark objects work  What are the colours of neon, argon & krypton gases?  What causes these different colours?  What happens when light is emitted? Describe it on an atomic level</p><p>Projectiles:  What is the composition of a typical bullet?  History of gunpowder—what is it?  Differences between blanks & live ammo  How does a gun work?  Different calibers—what is the difference?</p><p>Earth & Space:  What causes the Northern Lights?  Where can the Northern Lights be seen?  Is there a Southern Lights?  Under what environmental conditions does the lights occur? What is it?  How do scientists know the composition of planets & stars without being there? How does it work?  What is a comet?  What is a comet made of?</p><p>Electronics:  What is the difference between conductors, semi-conductors & insulators?  What are the typical valences (ionic charges) or each  What are the typical physical properties of each?  What are the typical chemical properties of each?  What are diodes?  Silicon/Germanium diodes—why & how do they work? Where are they used?  How does a LED work?</p><p>Fire Extinguishers:  Explain what three things a fire needs in order to burn  What happens when something burns? What are the final products?  What is flammability?  How do fire extinguishers work?  Explain the design of a typical fire extinguisher  Name the different classes of fires & how they are started  What are the different classes of fire extinguishers?  How does each class of fire extinguisher work to put out a fire?  What is a plastic fire extinguisher & how does it work?</p><p>Fire Retardants:  What are they composed of?  What causes a fabric to burn quickly or slowly?  Do fire retardant clothing burn at all?</p><p>6  Explain why they do not burn so well  Who uses flame retardant clothing/materials  What fabrics are especially flammable?</p><p>Tobacco/Carcinogen:  Historical uses of tobacco—who & how was it originally harvested  How is tobacco ingested over the ages?  What are the effects of tobacco on the human body?  What is a carcinogen?  Why are they dangerous? Explain from a biology standpoint  List some common carcinogens in tobacco</p><p>Nuclear Reactions:  Describe alpha, beta & gamma decay/radiation  Explain how each nuclear particle was discovered & by whom  Provide examples of nuclear equations & how they are balanced  Explain the difference between nuclear fission & nuclear fusion  Which of fission & fusion are more efficient? List examples of where each can be found</p><p>Ballpoint Pens:  Explain the history of writing utensils (quill pens to roller pens to gel pens, listing their pros & cons, & why some aren’t used anymore)  What is the name of the first ballpoint pen?  Why were ballpoint pens developed?  Name the various components of a ballpoint pen  What is the ink made of? How is it made?  Name the concerns necessary in making ink for pens  Name some problems with using ballpoint pens  What is a “space pen”? How does it work?  How do erasable pens work?  What is different about the ink in erasable pens?</p><p>Shampoos/Conditioners:  What are the ingredients of a typical shampoo? What is the pH?  What is a baby shampoo?  How do shampoos work in cleaning hair?  What is a conditioner? What is the pH?  What are the typical ingredients of a hair conditioner?  How does conditioner work on hair?  What are the truths/facts about shampoos  What is the active ingredient of a dandruff shampoo? Does it actually work?  Benefits of a 2-in-1 shampoo/conditioner  Is there a difference between normal, dry, oil shampoo?  Why does one product cost more? Is there a difference?  Is there an advertising issue?</p><p>Mousse/Gel/Oil Treatment:  What do oil treatments do?  Are oil treatments (such as VO5) worth it?  What is mousse?  What is it made of?  How does it work?  What is gel?  What is it made of?  How does it work?</p><p>7  What causes hair to develop split ends?</p><p>Fireworks:  What are the basic components of fireworks?  What is flash powder?  Are there other uses for flash powder?  State the safe storage & handling of fireworks  What is a Roman candle?  Name some different types of fireworks?  Are firecrackers the same as fireworks? What are the differences between them?  What causes the explosion?  What causes the multicoloured sparkles?  How do they create different patterns in a single firework container?  How are fireworks made? Are any special precautions necessary?  Are there any regulations in appropriate times to use them?</p><p>Batteries:  What is a battery?  Describe how a battery generally works  State the evolution of the battery, starting with the first battery  How was the first battery made?  What are the most recent batteries made of?  What is voltage & amperage?  Create your own battery using household materials (show that it works by lighting a LED or small lightbulb)  How do dry cells work?  How do voltaic cells work?  What is the difference between a regular battery & a rechargeable one?  Why aren’t all batteries rechargeable?  Name the pros & cons of rechargeable batteries vs regular batteries  Name five different types of batteries (i.e. nickel-cadmium battery) & state why each of them are preferred for different uses  Explain how the fuel cell is both good & bad for the environment (fuels cells are currently being researched for use in car batteries for the electric car…note that fuel cells need platinum catalysts)</p><p>Alcohol:  What chemical is in all alcoholic beverages?  How does this chemical affect the body (when in both small & large amounts)  List the factors that can affect alcohol absorption by the body  How can alcohol be detected when it is already ingested? Name three devices that can be used to detect alcohol consumption  Explain how alcohol is broken down in the body (what molecule does it become before finally becoming carbon dioxide & water?)  Explain how a breathalyzer device works (include chemical equations)  How does a breathalyzer device detect recent alcohol consumption?  Myths about breathalyzer devices (is it possible to beat the system?—crazy things people will do)  Is it possible to recreate a breathalyzer device from household materials? If yes, describe how  What is the law regarding alcohol usage in everyday life?  What does BAC (blood alcohol content) mean?  What are the stages of alcohol intoxication?  What is moonshine? Why is it dangerous?</p><p>Fertilizers:  What three components make up chemical fertilizers?  What are each of the components used for in plants?</p><p>8  What are the typical percentages for spring & fall lawn fertilizers & why are they different?  Describe the ways fertilizers can be applied to vegetation  Describe the pros & cons of using the different types of fertilizers (i.e. liquid vs pellet fertilizers) (consider economical, ecological & efficiency reasons)  Why should slow-releasing fertilizers be used (i.e., pellets instead of liquid fertilizers)  Liquid fertilizers are often sold in solid form & are easily dissolved in water. What does that tell you about the solubility (& chemical structure) of these solute chemicals?  What happens to the water in lakes & rivers during heavy rains?—how does the use of fertilizers affect the environment? The food chain?  What are alternatives to chemical fertilizers & why are they better?  Describe the different ways fertilizers are applied  What are chemical hazards of fertilizers  How are fertilizers made?  When is the best time to apply fertilizers  Who does this topic most applicable to?</p><p>Detergents:  How do they work? (describe the process on a molecular level)  Why are laundry detergents such as Tide or Sunlight in powder or liquid form rather than in solid chunk form?  Describe a typical detergent/soap molecule  Describe the difference between harsh & mild soaps  Are soaps with lotions really worth it?  Do soaps with lotions clean as well as pure soap? (conduct an experiment to test this)  Are there any alternatives to using soap?  Describe the soap-making process  Historical perspective: what was used in place of soap in history?</p><p>Hair Colouring:  Why do people use hair colouring?  Historical perspective: what was used in place of current hair colouring solutions in history?  Side effects of hair colour  Why can’t hair colour be stored if already mixed?  Hair does hair colouring work on each strand of hair?  What are the key ingredients of hair colouring solutions  Give some other uses for peroxides</p><p>Hair Perming/Chemical Straighteners:  Why do people perm/straighten their hair?  Historical perspective: what was used in place of current chemical hair perming/straighteners in history?  What are the key ingredients of hair perming/straightener solutions  Side effects of hair perming/straighteners  Acid vs alkaline balanced perm solutions (how are they different?)  Why can’t hair perm/straightener solutions be stored if already mixed?  Hair does hair perm/straightener solutions work on each strand of hair?</p><p>Alloys:  What is an alloy? Give some examples of commonly used alloys & their % compositions  Why do we use alloys, in other words, why don’t we use pure metals? (think of economical, structural, durability reasons)  Name some examples of alloy use  Which group of people is credited with first using metal alloys?  What is special about sterling silver? How can you clean it?  Describe the smelting process—why does it work?</p><p>9 Herbicides/Pesticides:  List five pesticides/herbicides & state what each is used for  State chemical hazards for using pesticides/herbicides (you may want to be specific rather than state general hazards for usage)  What are the symbols indicating hazards? (look up & explain WHMIS symbols)  State the different ways typical pesticides/herbicides are applied  When & where are typical pesticides/herbicides usually applied?  State the environmental hazards (if any) & give reasons why they are hazardous  State the law regarding use of pesticides/herbicides  Give an example where pesticide or herbicide use has grown dangerous to the environment  What is DDT? (find the molecular structure)  Explain why DDT is still being used in Third World Countries (hint: mosquito control)</p><p>Water Quality:  What is water so important?  What are acceptable concentrations of various chemicals in drinking water?  Explain why water is never “pure”, even in freshwater lakes  How is water cleaned? Describe the water purification process at water treatment plants  What is added to water at the water treatment plant? Why?  How is water tested for purity?  Describe the water cycle  What can we do to clean water at home?  Explain the difference between hard & soft water?  How can we remove unsightly calcium carbonate deposits? Why does this method work?  Where is the best source of pure water & why is it not economically & physically feasible to get it from there?  Describe what happened at the Walkerton tragedy</p><p>Acid Rain:  What is acid rain?  Is acid rain evenly distributed over Canada? Over North America? The World?  What are the molecules responsible for creating acid rain?  How is acid rain created? (include balanced chemical equations)  Name locations where acid rain is being produced  Explain why Ontario gets a lot of acid rain  What are the effects of acid rain? (in nature & in urban areas)  What can we do to prevent acid rain?  What is the law regarding acid rain? What things are being done today to reduce the amount of acid rain being produced?  Are there any government projects in place to help eliminate the amount of acid rain that falls from our skies?</p><p>Chromatography:  What is chromatography?  Why is it useful?  What property of liquids & solids is crucial in chromatography  What types of chromatography methods are available to scientists?  What are practical applications of chromatography?  Demonstrate the separation of black ink into different colours using chromatography</p><p>Photography:  History of photography (camera obscura)  How are photos developed?  What chemicals are used in the photo developing process?</p><p>10  Why is it necessary to use a dark room to develop photos?  How are black & white photos developed?  How are colour photos developed?  Nowadays, many people prefer to print their own photos using inkjet printers or specialized photo printers…list the different varieties & their pros & cons to using each</p><p>Paint:  What are paints made of?  Historical perspective: what were the original paints made from?  What are oil acrylic & water-based paints?  Why do we use paint?  What was used before oil, acrylic or water-based paints were developed?  Why are lead-based paints no longer used?  Main concerns of paint (disposal, manufacture, safety, usage)  What is the difference between paint & varnish?  Is there a chemical or physical difference between turpentine & paint thinner?  There is a product on the market that changes colour when dry, how does it work?</p><p>Markers:  What is the difference between water soluble & permanent markers?  What is a dry marker? How does it work? Why is it wipeable?  How are dry markers different from regular markers?  Why is the scent in regular markers? Why is it not healthy to sniff markers?  How do manufacturers reduce the smell in markers?  How do invisible markers work?</p><p>Food Colouring & Gelatin:  What is food colouring?  What is it used for?  List any potential hazards in using food colouring in food  List some typical ingredients in food colouring products  What is gelatin?  Where does it come from?  Why does gelatin form a solid jelly?  What is agar powder?  How was gelatin originally obtained in the past?  How is gelatin produced today?  Alternatives to gelatin: coconut jelly  List some interesting facts about gelatin & food colouring</p><p>Glue:  Name the key component of glue  Define cohesion & adhesion  What happens when glue dries?  What is the difference between bonding glue, contact cement & clear glue?  Why does glue stick? Describe it on a molecular level  How was glue made in history?  How is glue made today?  State any interesting facts about glue  Hot contact glue can be melted & reformed, can normal glue be treated the same way?  Find a way to create your own homemade glue from ordinary ingredients found in the home</p><p>Antifreeze, Windshield Wiper Solution & Road Salt:  What is the freezing point of water?  Why are roads salted in winter?</p><p>11  What happens to the freezing point of water when salt is added? What is this phenomenon called?  What happens to the salt mixture at the boiling point of water? What is this phenomenon called?  What are alternatives to road salt?  What is windshield wiper solution made of?  What are the physical properties of the key ingredient of windshield wiper solution?  What is de-icer?  What is antifreeze? What is it made of?  What are the physical properties of the key ingredients of antifreeze?</p><p>Glass:  Historical perspective: how was glass “discovered”?  How is glass made today? (describe the process)  What are the key “ingredients” of glass?  What are the physical properties of glass  What is the difference between safety glass & normal glass?  How is safety glass made?  How has the quality of glass changed over the years?  How is the art of glass-blowing possible? (outline the procedure in blowing glass)  How is glass recycled?  What is leaded glass?  How is coloured glass created?  What is the difference between recyclable types of glass containers?  The LCBO & the Beer Store has incentives to recycle glass bottles. How are they recycled?</p><p>Balloons & Gases:  Outline the history of hot air balloons  Report any disasters involving hydrogen air balloons  What is the difference between helium & hydrogen balloons? Which is safer?  Nitrogen gas is one of the most inert & abundant gases in the atmosphere…is it possible to have a nitrogen gas balloon? Why or why not?  If a person inhales helium, why does the voice sound funny?  List the uses of neon & argon gases</p><p> Is laughing gas (N2O) really cause people to laugh? How does it affect the human body?  Outline the differences between carbon monoxide & carbon dioxide  Explain the uses of gases to help medical science</p><p>Greenhouse Gases:  What are greenhouse gases?  List the sources of greenhouse gases  Explain how greenhouse gases affect the environment (a diagram would be very helpful)  Explain why greenhouse gases sustain life on Earth (without some greenhouse gases, life would not exist)  What is the end result of large amounts of greenhouse gases?  List other repercussions of greenhouse gases (list secondary effects, effects that are not that obviously seen or predicted)  List ways to reduce or prevent the problem of greenhouse gases (would it be possible to create a device to remove the carbon dioxide out of the air?)  Provide ways we can help reduce greenhouse gases  What has the government done to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?  What is the Kyoto Protocol? How has Canada perfomed under the current recommendations?  State the law regarding greenhouse gases & what actions are governments & small businesses doing today to prevent the increase of greenhouse gases</p><p>Air Bags:</p><p>12  Demonstrate an air bag using vinegar & baking powder & show how it works (state the limitations of your airbag)  State the materials you used in creating your air bag  Explain how your air bag works  State the chemical concepts used in commercial air bags  What are the actual chemicals used in commercial air bags? How does it work?  State the hazards (if any) of using air bags  State government regulations regarding air bag use &/or construction  Find accident/collision statistics of air bag use. Why should we continue to encourage car industries to install bags in their vehicles?  What other applications can air bags be used for? (aside from cars)  In your opinion, are air bags safe? Why?</p><p>CFC’s:  What are CFC’s? What is it used for?  Historical perspective: what was used before CFC’s?  State the reasons why CFC’s are dangerous (biologically & environmentally)  What molecules do CFC’s destroy? Why are these molecules important? What happens when too many of these molecules are destroyed?  State ways to reduce & possibly eliminate the problem of using CFC’s  What happens when CFC’s are in a specific part of the atmosphere? What is the name of this layer of the atmosphere? (include a scaled diagram showing where this layer is located compared to the Earth’s atmosphere & include chemical reactions to show how CFC’s react)  State the government regulations regarding CFC usage & production  State the alternatives to using CFC’s & why they are safer to use  Are there any reasons why CFC’s should still be used?</p><p>Aerosol Cans:  Who created the first Aerosol can? When?  How do they work? (diagrams would be helpful)  What are some typical propellants & where are they used? Why are some propellants no longer used?  Gases that escape the nozzle of a pressurized can tend to feel cool. Explain why (hint: Graham’s law)  Why do aerosol cans have curved bottoms?  Why must aerosol cans be stored at low temperatures?  An empty aerosol can is still under high pressure, thus causing a potential explosive hazard. What can be done to avoid such a dangerous situation? What do companies who specialize in depressurizing aerosol cans do?  Are aerosol cans still used today?</p><p>Ozone:  What is ozone? Who discovered it & when?  Where is ozone found in the atmosphere?  What does ozone do in the atmosphere?  Where are the ozone holes in our atmosphere?  State other uses of ozone  Is ozone dangerous? (biologically & environmentally)  How is ozone produced industrially?  State the alternatives to using ozone & why they are safer to use  Are there any ways to replenish the ozone supply in the atmosphere?</p><p>Air Fresheners:  What is an air freshener?  What is the purpose?</p><p>13  Examine how Febreeze works…is it really as good as it says it is?  What is the difference between deodorizers & neutralizers?  List various ways air fresheners are made (from natural & artificial sources)  List different products of air fresheners & state how each are different  What are they made of?  What is diffusion?</p><p>Caffeine:  List beverages that commonly contain caffeine  Which has more caffeine per volume?  How does caffeine affect the body?  What is a diuretic?  How is caffeine removed from coffee beans? (in the past)  How is caffeine removed from coffee beans today? Why is it better?  When was caffeine synthesized in industry? What is the process?</p><p>Beverages:  What are the main ingredients of a typical soda?  How do they affect the body?  How do soft drink manufacturers put the gas in cans of pop?  Historical perspective: how has tea spread around the world (timeline)?  What is tea? How is tea made? Where is it grown?  What is the difference between green & black teas?  Historical perspective: how has coffee spread around the world (timeline)?  What is tea? How is tea made? Where is it grown?  Why does coffee or tea stain the teeth?</p><p>Perfume/Cologne:  Is there a difference between the terms: perfume, eau de parfum & cologne? If there is, explain the difference  List the ingredients in a typical perfume/cologne bottle & if possible, provide their chemical structures  What type of molecule is responsible for the smell in perfume/cologne? Provide an example of this type of molecule  If the perfume molecules are the solute, what is the solvent?  Why is this chemical a good choice for a solvent? Give some typical physical properties of the solvent  Water is called the Universal Solvent, yet why is water not a good solvent for perfume/cologne?  How are perfumes/colognes made?  Describe the process by which a new perfume/cologne is created, tested & then manufactured to be sold to the public</p><p>Saturated/Unsaturated Fats:  What is the difference between saturated & unsaturated fats? Which is slightly healthier for us? Why?  Not all unsaturated fats are healthy…why are trans-fats not healthy?  What is a typical fat molecule made of?  What are the uses of unsaturated fats?  What are the uses of saturated fats?  Why do we still use the unhealthy form of fats in our everyday lives?  What are the % unsaturated fats in coconut oil, canola oil, olive oil, margarine, vegetable oil & corn oil? Which is best?</p><p>Steroids:  What are steroids?</p><p>14  What type of molecules are they?  What are the uses of steroids?  Give some chemicals that are classified as steroids?  How are the following hormones structurally different from each other: testosterone, progesterone, estrogen (provide diagrams)  How do steroids affect the body?  Famous controversies involving steroid use  Side effects of steroid use  What are corticosteroids?</p><p>Cosmetics (Eyes & Lips):  What are the main ingredients of lipstick & mascara?  How are lipsticks made?  What type of molecules are lipsticks made of?  Why does lipstick stick to glassware & Styrofoam?  Is there a chemical difference between long-lasting lipstick & regular lipstick?  How are the different colours created for each lipstick?  What is mascara made of?  Chapstick  History of cosmetic use on eyes & lips  Many cosmetic companies claim their product is better & longer-lasting. Do you think this is true? Explain  What is the procedure necessary to produce a cosmetic product?</p><p>Cosmetics (Cheeks & Nails):  What are the main ingredients of blush/rouge & nail polish?  What is blush/rouge made of?  How is coloured added to blush/rouge?  What is nail polish made of?  What is nail polish remover made of?  History of cosmetic use on cheeks & nails  Many cosmetic companies claim their product is better & longer-lasting. Do you think this is true? Explain  Historical perspective: arsenic was used as a cosmetic in Victorian times; explain who started this trend, how it was used & why was it bad?  Animal testing</p><p>Antioxidants:  What are antioxidants?  Types of antioxidants (give three well-known compounds & what they do?)  What else do these three compounds do? In what kind of foods can we find them?  Give a few examples of some other antioxidants  What are free radicals?  How do free radicals affect our bodies?  How do antioxidants improve health?  How much antioxidants are healthy? How much do we need?  Where are antioxidants found?</p><p>History of Plastics & Styrofoam:  What are the physical properties of a typical plastic?  How is plastic made?  What is the difference between hard & soft plastic?  What are some uses of plastic  What are the problems with using plastic  What are the physical properties of Styrofoam?</p><p>15  How is Styrofoam made?  What are the uses of Styrofoam?  What are some alternatives to using Styrofoam or plastic as food containers? (i.e., edible or biodegradeable wrappers)</p><p>Oil Refining & Disasters:  Explain how petroleum is separated  Define the terms: fractional distillation, petrochemical, cracking  Why does oil float on water?  List three oil spill disasters around the world & what happened with regards to the ecological impact  How were they cleaned?  Toxicity levels for wildlife  What is done with the stuff used to clean up oil spills?  Show how they are transported across open water…what is the design of the oil tankers & what causes them to spill?  Who is most likely to create these spills?</p><p>Biofuel:  What is it?  What crops are they made of? What parts of the crops are used?  How are they more environmentally friendly?  Who produces it?  Composition of biofuel  When is it widely available?</p><p>Impact of Petroleum Products:  Do a risk-benefit analysis on the use of petroleum products  What other products are petroleum products used for?  Give the overall problems of using petroleum products  What is your conclusion: should we use petroleum products? What are the alternatives?  Is there a way to obtain energy with increased benefits?  What are ways being done to clean the problems/pollution already made?</p><p>Fossil Fuels (Coal & Natural Gas):  What type of resource is coal & natural gas?  How is coal & natural gas produced in nature?  How do we harvest coal & natural gas? (offshore mining, strip mining, deep mining, etc)  How do we use it to produce electricity?  State the government regulations regarding the usage of coal & natural gas  State the efficiency cost of using coal & natural gas in $/kg (for coal) or $/L (for natural gas)…can any comparison between the two values be made? Why or why not?  State the environmental hazards of using coal & natural gas (you may want to think about how these energy sources are transported from one place to another & the by-products of coal & natural gas use)  Answer the question: should we continue using coal &/or natural gas? Why? Obviously we cannot stop cold-turkey, suggest a way to help reduce their use</p><p>Gasoline & Diesel:  What is diesel fuel?  Why is gasoline unleaded?  What is “winter fuel”? (a Petro-Canada product)  What is “high octane” fuel?  Describe the price breakdown in gas prices at the fuel pump  Explain why gas prices fluctuate so much during the year (& during the average week!)</p><p>16  What is an octane rating? How does it affect the performance of a car engine? (you may need to explain how a car engine works first) </p><p>Oils, Propane & Butane:  What is the difference between cooking oils & transportation oils?  Define viscosity  What does 40W mean in car engine oils?  What chemicals are added to engine oils to make them more useful in their applications?  What are the qualities of a good engine oil?  What is propane? What is it typically used for? How is it sold?  What is butane? What is it typically used for? How is it sold?</p><p>Jet Fuel/Nitromethane:  Define flash point…what is the flash point of jet fuel?  Define autoignition temperature…what is the autoignition temperature of jet fuel?  What are the types of jet fuel?  How does they differ from regular fuel?  What is it made of?  What are the minimum mixtures for oxygen, fuel & energy needed for a fire to burn?  What minimum ratio of nitro to oxygen is too much?  What is the chemical formula of “nitro”?  What are the uses of nitro?</p><p>Nuclear Power Plants:  Which of fission or fusion is safer? Why?  Which radioactive material is used? What are the by-products?  Describe the process by which we obtain energy through nuclear reactions  What is done with the waste products of nuclear reactors?  What happens at the CANDU nuclear power plants in Pickering?  What are the benefits of using nuclear energy?  What are the problems of using nuclear energy?  What is the problem with the CANDU reactor?  What happened at 3-Mile Island?  What happened at Chernobyl?  State what went wrong & what has been done to prevent future disasters  Describe radiation poisoning & state the safety precautions necessary for the safe operation of nuclear reactors  State Canada’s role in the usage of nuclear reactors around the world  What are the government regulations regarding the usage of nuclear reactions to obtain energy?  In your opinion, should we continue using nuclear reactions as an energy source? Why?</p><p>Alternative Forms of Energy:  Aside from nuclear energy, list at least three sources of energy  For each source of energy proposed, explain how each generates energy  Rank the energy sources in terms of efficiency  With respect to the environment & efficiency (including nuclear energy), in YOUR opinion, which source of energy should we use? Explain why  List some alternative forms of energy collection  How much electricity is currently generated in Canada using coal?  How is energy collected from those alternative energy sources  How are they better sources of energy gathering methods?  What are the limitations of each of your energy collection methods?  Where are they best utilized?  Why aren’t they used today? Why are we still using fossil fuels?  In your opinion, which of wind turbine, solar, water, geothermal, etc., is better?</p><p>17  Which is best for rural Ontario? Urban Toronto?</p><p>Diamond vs Coal:  Describe the structural differences between diamond & coal  Describe how coal is transformed into diamond in nature  Describe how coal is transformed into diamond in mechanical processes  List the differences in quality between the four types of coal  List the differences in quality between the two types of diamond  List the uses of diamond & give reasons why diamond is so valuable  What are the elements responsible for the different colours in diamond?  Where are diamonds typically found in North America & in the world? How do Canadian diamonds rate among the world?  Where is coal typically found in North America?</p><p>Pencils & Pencil Lead:  Give the history of the creation of the pencil, eventually leading up the invention of the mechanical pencil  Give a description of the history behind the creation of pencil lead  What is pencil lead made of?  Give the different classifications of lead: 2H, 2B, HB & state how each are different  How are each of the types of pencil lead differ from each other when produced?</p><p>Sugars:  Define isomer & stereoisomer  Explain how glucose, fructose & galactose are isomers (provide diagrams)  How are each of these three sugars used/processed in the body?  What are carbohydrates  Diabetes—what’s the problem?  When a person ingests too much sugar, what happens?</p><p>MSG, Fruits & Veggies:  What does MSG stand for? Find the molecular structure of MSG  What is it?  Why is it used?  How does it affect the body?  Are there any health hazards of using MSG?  What causes fruits to ripen faster?  What vitamins are found in fruits/veggies that we need?  Find their chemical structures  Describe their physical properties/chemical properties  According to Canada’s food guide, how much fruits & veggies are recommended?</p><p>Chemical Warfare/Explosives:  What is mustard gas? When was it used in history?  What is nitroglycerin? Find the chemical structure & outline the chemical & physical properties  Are there any applications of nitroglycerin other than as an explosive?  What is TNT? Find the chemical structure & outline the chemical & physical properties  Are there any other uses of TNT?  As an explosive, which is preferred: TNT or nitroglycerin? Why?  What are dioxins?  What is Agent Orange? Where was it used?  What is phosgene, tear gas?  What are the rules from the Geneva Protocol regarding chemical warfare?  The burning of 1 gram of fat produces more energy than 1 gram of explosive…why don’t we use fat as a basis of explosive?</p><p>18 Paper:  Who uses classes A, B & C paper?  Explain the historical origins of paper in Europe  What did other cultures use in place of paper?  What are the key “ingredients” of paper?  How is paper used in today’s society?  Describe & explain the paper-making process  What is the difference between newspaper print & fine paper?  How has the quality of paper changed over the years?  How is paper recycled?  What is acid-free paper? Why is it better?  How is coloured paper created?  Why are glossy papers not recycle-friendly?  How is the quality of paper different in tissue paper, paper towel, writing paper, etc.</p><p>Recycling:  How are paper products recycled?  How are cans recycled?  How are plastics recycled?  Are all plastic products recyclable?  Different numbers on plastic containers—what does each number mean?</p><p>Tin & Aluminum Cans:  Historically tin was used in cans, but was later replaced by aluminum…when & why?  Describe the design of the early cans & modern cans  How is aluminum (or any metal) mined & refined, eventually forming an aluminum (or any metal) can  Aluminum is reactive in acids, yet they are commonly used for sodas…explain</p><p>Coins:  Historical use of coins  Why gold coins were bitten to verify their authenticity  What metals were used to create olden-day & modern day coins?  How are they made (past & present)  Illustrate the different types of coins used by different cultures  Counterfeiting coins is a big part of the history of currency…what has governments done over the ages to prevent counterfeiting?</p><p>19</p>