<p>1. Physical growth during preschool years is characterized by a. steady growth in height and weight. b. less chubby and roundish shape. c. growth in arms and legs and a more adult-like body proportion. d. all of these answers.</p><p>2. Many of the motor skills and cognitive changes that occur during the preschool years are due to brain development including a. brain lateralization. c. increased myelination. b. increased neural connections d. all of these answers.</p><p>3. About 2 a.m. Sammi awoke from a deep sleep with a scream. He was confused and not easily calmed. After some time, Sammi went back to his regular sleep, but in the morning he reported that he remembered none of this incident. Sammi most likely experienced a. sleep paralysis. c. a nightmare. b. night terrors. d. sleep apnea.</p><p>4. Selena is concerned that her daughter is not eating as well as she has in the past. Based on what you know about preschool children’s development, you can help to ease her concerns by telling her not to worry because a. too many preschool children are fat. c. her child’s growth has decreased as well. b. she can save money on food. d. her child prefers candy to fruit.</p><p>5. Although minor illnesses may be somewhat distressing, they also bring benefits, including a. building up a child’s immunity. c. allowing the child to better understand his or her body. b. allowing the child to develop empathy. d. all of these answers.</p><p>6. This form of cancer causes the bone marrow to produce an excessive amount of white blood cells, including severe anemia and, potentially, death. One of the most common forms to strike young children, this is known as a. leukemia. c. HIV. b. AIDS. d. lupus.</p><p>7. All of the following are considered psychological maltreatment EXCEPT a. intimidation. c. humiliation. b. hitting the child. d. belittling the child. </p><p>8. Generally the activity level of preschoolers is high; all of the following are factors that influence the individual activity level of an individual child EXCEPT a. child’s temperament. c. enrollment in organized activities. b. parent’s style of discipline d. cultural expectations.</p><p>9. During the preschool years, gender differences in motor skills become more evident. Boys tend to have greater ______while girls tend to have greater ______. a. strength; coordination c. flexibility; agility b. coordination; flexibility d. agility; strength</p><p>10. Children’s artwork progresses through a series of stages during the preschool years. Those stages are a. scribbling, color, form, objects c. linear, form, color, objects b. scribbling, shape, design, pictorial d. linear, shape, dimensions, objects</p><p>11. During Piaget’s preoperational stage of cognitive development ______thought grows as mental reasoning emerges. a. symbolic c. sensory-based b. concrete d. conservative</p><p>12. If you put a cat mask on a dog, a preschooler will tell you that this dog is now a cat! This is an example of which one of the limitations of the preoperational stage of cognitive development? a. egocentric thinking c. reversibility b. centration d. the ability to conserve</p><p>13. The primitive reasoning that preschoolers use to explore and draw conclusions about their world is known as a. egocentric thinking. c. intuitive thinking. b. centration. d. the ability to conserve.</p><p>14. Piaget’s cognitive theory stresses the ______changes that occur in each stage, while the information processing approach views cognitive development as more ______. a. quantitative; qualitative c. social; cultural b. qualitative; quantitative d. cultural; social</p><p>15. Mishka was able to construct a model car with the help of his dad. His dad helped him to organize the pieces of the model and then showed him how to connect the first two pieces. Soon Mishka was working more and more independently. This process is an example of Vygotsky’s concept of ______. a. apprenticeship c. private speech b. the zone of proximal development d. scaffolding</p><p>16. Preschool children build their vocabularies at a rapid rate that requires that after the briefest encounter they can associate the word and its meaning. This process is known as a. rapid words. c. fast linguistics. b. fast mapping. d. quick vocabulary.</p><p>17. As Corey entered the large playroom at a school he repeated over and over, “There are lots of toys here,” as if he were reassuring himself as he encountered this new environment. Talking to himself, Corey is demonstrating ______. a. private speech c. intuitive speech b. social speech d. imaginary speech</p><p>18. Longitudinal research on economic standing and language development found a positive correlation between affluence and time interacting (talking) with children. This means that a. the more affluence the less time parents talked with their children. b. the more affluence the more time parents talked with their children. c. affluence causes greater language development. d. poverty causes inferior language development.</p><p>19. The key to assuring effective, positive child care is to enroll the child in a ______program. a. private academic c. high quality b. public diverse d. European model </p><p>20. Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest influence on preschool children in the United States? a. using a computer c. playing a video game. b. listening to music d. watching television.</p><p>21. Preschool children face two key conflicts relating to psychosocial development. The goal is for these children to develop a sense of ______and ______. a. shame; doubt c. initiative; autonomy b. industry; trust d. identity; initiative</p><p>22. Preschool children’s self concept reflects their cultural values. Children who represent a ______orientation demonstrate values of interdependence, while children from ______orientation demonstrate values of independence. a. pluralistic; individualistic c. collectivist; pluralistic b. individualistic; collectivist d. collectivist; individualistic</p><p>23. Tian had very mixed feelings about his racial background. He was proud of the cultural practices that were a part of his family birthday celebrations, but when his mother asked him what he wanted to share with his play group for his birthday, he immediately responded that he wanted a SpongeBob cake just like Bobby’s. Tian’s desire for this cake most likely demonstrates a. bicultural identity. c. the American dream. b. race dissonance. d. ethnic pride.</p><p>24. All of the following are ways that gender development may be influenced by the biological approach EXCEPT a. prenatal hormone exposure. c. identification with the same-sex parent. b. structural differences in the brain. d. natural selection.</p><p>25. George and Jerry were involved in play that is typical for preschool children. As Jerry played with some blocks, George was playing with some small cars. While the two boys sat in close proximity, there was little or no interaction. Jerry and George are involved in a. functional play. c. associative play. b. onlooker play. d. parallel play.</p><p>26. Children’s emerging ability to explain how others think and the reasons for why others behave as they do is known as a. theory of mind. c. mental readers. b. thinking hypothesis. d. false beliefs.</p><p>27. Children of ______parents tend to be withdrawn, showing little sociability. They are not very friendly and their parents are not very responsive to their needs. a. authoritative c. permissive b. authoritarian d. uninvolved</p><p>28. For most children in Western cultures, ______parenting works best. a. authoritative c. permissive b. authoritarian d. uninvolved</p><p>29. When one preschool age child brought a deck of cards to preschool he was excited that other children wanted to play cards with him. Although the children seemed to each be playing a game with slightly different rules, they didn’t appear to notice and were happy to abide by all the rules they knew. These children are demonstrating which level of Piaget’s theory of moral development? a. heteronomous morality c. autonomous cooperation b. incipient cooperation d. abstract modeling</p><p>30. Four-year-old Richard wants a toy that another child has. Richard approaches the child and hits him on the arm, knocking the toy out of his hand. Richard then runs off with the toy. What kind of aggression is Richard displaying? a. relational aggression c. instinctual aggression b. instrumental aggression d. immature aggression Short Essays </p><p>1. Review the research on the development and consequences of handedness.</p><p>2. Discuss when and how children should be toilet trained. 3. Describe the stages of artistic expression and discuss the benefit art provides to young children. 4. Contrast Piaget’s approach to cognitive development with the information processing approach to cognitive development. 5. List the types of play along with an explanation about the social aspects of play and the types of play exhibited in the latter part of the preschool years. 6. Discuss the nature, roots of aggressive behavior during the preschool years and explain how antisocial, aggressive behavior can be reduced. </p>