<p> Environmental Science 303 Final Review 2011</p><p>The following is a list of chapters and topics we studied during the 3rd and 4th quarters this year. Below the list are individual chapter reviews of vocabulary and information to know for the exam. Chapter 17 – Nonrenewable energy resources Chapter 18 – Renewable energy resources Chapters 12/13 – Air Quality and Global Climate Change Ecology and Biodiversity – Chapter 4 pages 99-102 & 108-113 Chapter 5 pages 137-223 Chapter 8 pages 217-223 Chapter 9 p.235- 240 Chapter 17: Vocabulary fossil fuels turbine high-level radioactive waste electrical generator nuclear fission petroleum nuclear fusion oil reserves uranium-235</p><p>Information to Know  What are the 3 fuels that are considered fossil fuels and how did fossil fuels form?  How are fuels used to generate electricity in an electrical power plant… most likely burning coal. (see figure 3 p. 468)  List four main purposes of fossil fuels.  Which type of country uses more fossil fuels: US or Argentina? Japan or Indonesia?  Rank the following uses of energy in the US from 1-4 starting with the most used. (the one used the most would be #1 and the one used the least is #4) Residential use, Commercial Use, Transportation, Industrial  Which of the fossil fuels formed from plant remains during the carboniferous period? How did the other two form?  Which fossil fuel’s reserves will last longest?  Which fossil fuel has large reserves in Pa. but the extraction is very controversial?  Describe the process of nuclear fission. (p.476 figure 13)  What are 3 concerns about using nuclear energy for generating electricity?  How does nuclear fusion differ from nuclear fission. Chapter 18: Renewable Energy Resources Vocabulary Renewable energy fuel cell Hydroelectric energy Passive solar energy Biomass fuel thermal mass Active solar energy geothermal energy alternative energy resources Wind energy Photovoltaic cells</p><p> List the benefits and drawbacks of each form of renewable energy listed above.  Describe the difference between active and passive solar energy and explain how each are used.  Explain how a hydrogen fuel cell works… use the video link on the class wikispace.  How is geothermal energy used to heat and cool our school? (wikispace video)  How does the “hot dry rock” method of geothermal energy work and what is it’s use?  List several types of matter than can be used for biomass fuel.  How is biomass used to produce heat and electricity?  What are biofuels?</p><p>Chapters 12/13 (selected sections): Air Quality and Global Climate Change Vocabulary Air pollution catalytic converter ozone layer Primary pollutant scrubbers chlorofluorocarbons Secondary pollutant sick-building syndrome troposphere Smog asbestos stratosphere Temperature inversion asbestosis greenhouse effect Nitrogen oxides acid precipitation global warming Sulfur oxides pH Kyoto protocol Carbon dioxide acid shock greenhouse gases VOC’s climate acidification Particulate Matter ozone</p><p> List 5 greenhouse gases.  What is a greenhouse gas?  Which greenhouse gas is the most significant, but won’t change climate?  Which greenhouse gas IS changing the climate with increasing concentrations due to fossil fuel burning.  Which primary pollutant comes primarily from automobile exhaust and contributes to acid precipitation by forming Nitric Acid?  Which primary pollutant comes mainly from burning coal and contributes to acid precipitation by forming Sulfuric Acid?  Why did Charles Keeling choose Mt.Mona Loa in Hawaii for his CO2 analyzers?  Explain the “breathing of the Earth”. When are CO2 levels highest, Spring/Summer or Fall/Winter and why?  Why is the Ozone Layer so important to life on Earth?  Why were CFC’s developed in the 1950’s?  Explain how CFC’s destroy ozone in the stratosphere. (p.359 figure 10)  How does acid precipitation effect plants and soil? Aquatic ecosystems? Humans?</p><p>Ecology: Selected Chapters-----not all of this; will let you know by Friday what we will have covered. Vocabulary Ecosystems eubacteria ecological succession competition Biotic factor fungus primary succession symbiosis Abiotic factor protist secondary succession predation Organism gymnosperm pioneer species parasitism Species angiosperm climax community mutualism Population invertebrate carrying capacity commensalism Community vertebrate exponential growth demography Habitat archaebacteria niche age-structure</p><p> What does an ecologist study?  List several abiotic and biotic factors in an ecosystem.  List several examples of organism in each of the 6 kingdoms of living things.  Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.  What role to pioneer species play during the process of ecological succession.  List several populations in a forest community, a field community, and an aquatic community.  Explain why populations grow exponentially.  How is population size regulated in nature.  Look over the “Good Buddies” worksheet from class and know the examples of mutualism, commensalism and parasitism from that game/activity.  Be able to pick out other examples of mutualism, commensalism and parasitism when given a description.  List several parts of an organisms niche.  Provide several examples of competition and predation.  Describe problems caused by rapid population growth and state why its more difficult for a society to remain sustainable with high population growth rate.  How is an age-structure diagram (graph) used to predict population growth.  Explain demographic transition. </p><p>Studying the material above will help you achieve a passing grade on the final. Here are some studying tips I’ve found helpful and many students over the years have found helpful as well. </p><p>Study tips:  Begin studying at least 4 nights in advance.  Study for about 50 minutes at a time with a 10-minute break in between study sessions.  Each night review the previous night’s material before moving on.  On the last night (or second to last night) find someone to quiz you or form a study group.  Relax and try to remain focused for the time you are studying (turn off the TV, computer, phone etc.)  Get plenty of sleep and eat well.</p><p>When I get the schedule of rooms and proctors for the test, I’ll write it on the board.</p>