<p>Semester II Final Study Guide Name: ______Period: _____</p><p>Genetics: 1. Define the following and give an example:</p><p> a. Gene: ______</p><p> b. Allele: ______</p><p> c. Homozygous: ______</p><p> d. Heterozygous: ______</p><p> e. Genotype: ______</p><p> f. Phenotype: ______</p><p>2. Using F’s, what is the genotype for a person that is:</p><p> a. Homozygous dominant: ______</p><p> b. Heterozygous: ______</p><p> c. Homozygous recessive: ______</p><p>3. Blood type is controlled by what type of dominance? ______and ______</p><p>4. What do we call traits carried on the X chromosome (#23 in humans)? ______</p><p> a. What is the normal genotype of a female? ______</p><p> b. What is the normal genotype of a male? ______</p><p> c. Can men be carriers and why? ______</p><p>5. Fill in the chart with information on the types of complex inheritance:</p><p>Incomplete Codominance Multiple Alleles (blood Polygenic Traits type)</p><p>Define</p><p>Example Punnett Square No Punnett Square – Problem give 3 examples instead</p><p>Define Sex Linked Single Punnett Square Double Punnett Square</p><p>Example Punnett Square Problem DNA and Protein Synthesis: Define:______Semi-conservative model: ______Triplet or Codon: ______mRNA: ______Mutation: ______1. What does DNA stand for? ______2. DNA is made up of nucleotides which have 3 parts Label the following picture Be sure to Include: Sugar: ______Four different Nitrogen Bases. ______And the ______</p><p>3. In RNA, which bases are swaped: ______4. Rosalind Franklin’s xray image helped Watson and Crick determine what characteristic about DNA? ______5. Why do we need DNA Replication?:______6. Why do we need Protein Synthesis?:______7. The Central Dogma states that information flows: ______ ______ ______Replication: ______-goes from what to what: ______Practice: DNA: ATGCCTGATCGAGGT REPLICATED:______Transcription: ______-goes from what to what: ______Practice: mRNA:______Translation:______-goes from what to what: ______Practice: Amino Acids: ______8. How many amino acids are there? _____How can they make thousands of different proteins?______9. Genes contain instructions for assembling: ______10. All cells contain the same set of DNA, why don’t they all look the same or perform the same functions? ______</p><p>Biotechnology: Define: Restriction Enzymes:______Plasmid:______Ligase:______Bacteria:______Gene of Interest:______Use all of these words to explain how we transformed the bacteria with the “glo- gene” in our Flouresent Protein Lab we did. ______Population Genetics: 1. What Type of Genetic Drift is it: A change in the gene pool due to over hunting or predation is called?______A change in the gene pool due to new genes coming from other populations is called?______2. Give an example of Founders effect:______Bottleneck effect: ______3. SHOW how you would find the allele frequency if there are 200 individuals in the population. 50 are dominant, and 150 are recessive. Frequency for Dominant: ______Frequency for Recessive:______</p><p>Physiology: 1. Define differentiation (include what type of cells differentiate)? ______2. What is homeostasis? ______3. Give an example of a negative feedback loop: ______4. What is the function of the nervous system: ______a. Central Nervous System parts: ______b. Peripheral Nervous System parts: ______5. Describe what a neuron is and what it does: ______6. What are the 3 types of neurons: ______</p><p>7. Describe the pathway of a reflex arc: ______What part of the nervous system is not involved in a reflex arc?______8. What is an Action Potential?______9. Define neurotransmitter: ______10. What is the function of the endocrine system? ______11. What are the functions of the respiratory system? ______</p><p>13. Describe what occurs in the alveoli (alveolar sacs): ______14. Describe diffusion: ______15. What muscle aids in breathing? ______16. What are the functions of the circulatory system: ______17. List and describe the 3 types of vessels that carry blood: a. ______=______b. ______=______c. ______=______</p><p>18. Blood Contains: Plasma which make up ___% of blood and it contains ______Blood also contains Hemoglobin which makes up ___% of blood and its function is to ______. 19. What is the difference between infectious and non-infectious diseases? ______20. What is a pathogen? ______Give two examples 1.______2. ______21. Describe the 3 lines of defense your body uses against infection:</p><p>Line of Defense Name Its Function? 1st: Skin 2nd Inflammatory using ______</p><p>3rd: Cell Mediated Be sure to include all the cells involved and their roll. 22. What are memory B cells? ______23. Define the following: a. antibody = ______b. antigen = ______c. acquired immunity = ______d. autoimmune disease = ______e. immune disease = ______f. vaccine = ______g. allergy = ______24. How do antibiotics destroy bacteria? ______Why don’t they work on viruses? ______</p><p>25. Compare and Contrast Bacteria and Viruses:</p><p>26. What is the function of the digestive system? ______27. Describe the pathway of food through the digestive system from first bite to elimination of solid waste: ______28. What do villi do? ______</p><p>Fill out the missing parts in the table: Name Of Enzyme What makes it? Where is it located? What does it break down? 1.Salivary Amylase</p><p>2. Stomach</p><p>3. Gallbladder sends it to the Small Intestine (Duodenum) 4. Carbohydrates- Monosacharrides Lipids- Fatty Acids Proteins- Amino Acids</p><p>29. Label the following Diagrams and give their function if they have one. </p>