<p> SOIL BAE 4213 FINAL EXAM April 30, 2007</p><p>NAME: ______</p><p>PRE-EXAM MOTIVATION (5 points) What will you be doing 15 years from NOW? </p><p>A. If golf and hunting were the sacrificial lambs and both abolished tomorrow, how much money could theoretically be generated on an annual basis. a. >130 billion/year b. 10 million/year c. 10 billion/year d. 50 billion/year</p><p>B. The United States of America ranks ______concerning the % of GNP (developed countries) spent annually on international aid. a. first b. second c. third d. last</p><p>C. The GreenRevolution is most generally associated with increased wheat production due to high yielding dwarf biotypes that were introduced in a. China, and India b. Pakistan and China c. Pakistan and India d. Indonesia and China</p><p>D. The father of the Green Revolution is a. Justus von Liebig b. Abraham Lincoln c. Norman Borlaug d. Al Gore</p><p>E. List 6 Sources of Spatial Variability in Agricultural Fields</p><p>Planting variability, tillage, soil texture, soil organic matter, tractor compaction, equipment malfunctions, fertilizer application error, driving error, etc.</p><p>F. What is “temporal variability?”</p><p>Variability encountered that is a function of the environment (rainfall, temperatures, etc.) that change from year to year.</p><p>G. What is CV, and how is it calculated?</p><p>Coefficient of variation = (Standard deviation/mean)*100</p><p>H. When one x variable is plotted against one y variable and an r2 of 0.50 is listed (linear function) it means that a. 2 times the amount of variation is not accounted for b. 25% of the variation in y is accounted for by x. c. 50% of the variation in y is accounted for by x. d. 70% (square root of 0.5) of the variation in y is accounted for by x.</p><p>I. What are the components of a linear regression equation?</p><p>Y = b0 + b1x where b0 is the intercept, b1 is the slope, and x represents the independent variable</p><p>J. What was the band (in nm) for the red laser pointer?</p><p>660</p><p>K: What two bands were used for computing NDVI?</p><p>670 (red) and 780 (NIR)</p><p>L. How is NDVI determined?</p><p>NIR-red/NIR+red</p><p>M. What was one of the first precision ag technologies used to capture yield variability in farmer fields. </p><p>Yield monitors</p><p>N. From class it was noted that mean yield decreased as CV’s increased. This glaring revelation suggests that farmers should do everything they can to ______</p><p>Homogenize plant stands</p><p>O. The most efficient method of improving NUE is to apply N a. all preplant b. in split applications c. with the seed at planting d. when it is needed</p><p>P. What two independent components are used within the OSU Algorithm for making better N fertilizer recommendations?</p><p>RI and YP0 where RI is the response index and YP0 is the predicted yield potential</p><p>Q. What did the NFOA stand for that was discussed in class a. nitrogen fertilization organization association b. nano fertilization optimization approach c. nitrogen fertilization optimization algorithm d. nice fertilizer only applies R. In order to predict the yield level obtainable with N fertilization the following was accomplished a. YP0 was divided by RI b. YPN was multiplied times RI c. YP0 was multiplied times RI d. YPMax was divided by YPN</p><p>S. Which crop discussed in class could be fertilized mid-season and still obtain maximum yields even when early season N stress was encountered. a. Corn b. Winter wheat c. Spring wheat under irrigation d. Canola</p><p>T. As CV’s increased (from mid-season NDVI measurements) a. observed yield values increased b. observed yield levels decreased c. yields stayed the same d. fertilizer N rates increased</p><p>U. The new method for predicting yield potential partitioned NDVI equations versus yield into 5 different groups. What was used to delineate these groups?</p><p>Growing Degree Days</p><p>V. Fill in the Blanks (12 Points)</p><p>_____ wavelength ______wavelength _____ frequency _____ frequency _____ energy _____energy ______Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red ______VISIBLE Color Absorbed ______</p><p>0.01 10 380 450 495 570 590 620 750 1x106 1x1011 wavelength, nm</p><p>Electronic Vibrational Rotational transitions transitions transitions STUDENT QUESTIONS</p><p>1. True or False It’s better to go at speeds above the recommended planting speed when planting.</p><p>2. True or False One advantage of conventional-till is that it increases soil organic matter. </p><p>3. What are several modes of applications with prototype precision applicators? (1) surface banded (2) surface broadcast (3) banded incorporation</p><p>4. True or False Sprinkler heads on the top of CPI irrigation lose most water to wind and evaporation before they get to the crop. </p><p>5. Name ONE of the four weather tools that can be used in agriculture. (1) automated weather stations (2) forecasting systems (3) climatological archives (4) simulated production system</p><p>6. How much money do Americans and Europeans together spend on pet food a year? $17 billion/year</p><p>7. Which is a factor in determining evapotranspiration? (A) humidity (B) wind (C) temperature (D) All of the Above</p><p>8. A pendulum CropMeter sensor made by the Agrocom Company (Germany) is a device mounted in front of a tractor that measures the______of cereal stems. (A) bending resistance (B) Chlorophyll content (C) Maximum height (D) N content</p><p>9. How much does it cost for a routine soil sample? (A) $2 (B) $5 (C) $10 (D) $20</p><p>10. True or False Elk urine divots are caused by temperature stress and the plants inability to synthesize the large volume of chemicals. </p><p>11. In a no-till operation, where would you find the Backstreet Boys? (A) Flat rate chemical application (B) Fertilizer spreaders (C) Residue management (D) In the ranger 12. Which of the following are causes of inaccurate particulate application from fixed wing aircraft: (A) high energy pressure waves generated from the supersonic speed of the aircraft (B) intense thermal radiation from the aircraft engine resulting in evaporation of the liquid (C) decrease in the exergy of the spray particulate as it decreases in elevation (D) oscillation of the aircraft structure at resonant frequency during flight (E) vortices at wing tips due to a pressure differential</p><p>13. What does it take to achieve automation of turf mowers? (A) reliable obstacle detection (B) cm level precision (C) same efficiency as a human operator (D) All of the above</p><p>14. ______is a condition of low dissolved oxygen in water is caused by pollution. (A) Oxygen deprivation (B) Eutrophication (C) Hard water (D) Low oxygen</p><p>15. True or False The University of Kentucky has developed a fully self-aware autonomous tractor.</p><p>16. The purpose of government in precision agriculture is to promote adoption of the technology through Incentives programs such as the EQIP (or Environmental Quality Incentives Program) program administered by the NRCS.</p><p>17. There are at least how many Mesonet stations in each of the 77 Oklahoma counties? at least 1 in every county</p><p>18. Water is the most limiting growth factor in many regions of the world.</p><p>19. What does NAIS stand for? (A) National Agronomic Inspection Services (B) National Animal Identification System (C) Natural Animal Inspection System (D) Not Another Inspection System</p><p>20. Which of the following is a goal of Precision Turfgrass Management as stated by the PACE Turfgrass Research Institute? (A) observe (B) document (C) map (D) manage (E) all of the above</p><p>21. List TWO benefits of tillage. (A) quicker drying of the field (B) provides optimal water levels for growth (C) tilled fields will allow sooner field operations (D) better root growth and increased yields</p><p>22. True or False The Aim Commander Spraying System controls pressure, rate, and is not varied by speed. 23. What does GIS stand for? (A) Global Information Systems (B) Geographic Information System (C) Global Interactive System (D) Geographic Interactive System</p><p>24. Using GPS and NDVI, Vine vigor maps can determine ______?</p><p>A.) Herbicide application rate B.) Quality C.) Yield D.) Soil Compaction</p><p>25. What does NAIS stand for?</p><p>A. National Agronomic Inspection Service B. National Animal Identification System C. Natural Animal Inspection Service D. Not Another Inspection System</p><p>26. When adopting new technologies in agriculture there are trade offs. In precision agriculture there is a major trade off between agronomic benefit and economic benefit as the resolution at which we sense and apply materials change. Sketch and label a graph showing that relationship.</p><p>See your Quiz</p><p>27. Briefly explain how an RTK GPS system obtains its high accuracy. You can draw a picture.</p><p>28. Red reflectance is a measure of a. Photosynthetic potential b. Heat reflectance c. Plant moisture d. Species</p><p>29. Which of the following satellites deliver the highest resolution imagery? a. SPOT b. LISS c. IKONIS d. QuickBird e. LandSat 30. Which of the following satellites has a library of imagery for the entire world commencing from the late 1970’s? a. SPOT b. LISS c. IKONIS d. QuickBird e. LandSat 31. Show in a sketch or describe in words how pulse width modulation is used to change liquid fertilizer application rates.</p><p>32. What portion of the spectrum is used to compose a panchromatic image?</p><p>Visible Spectrum</p><p>33. Five to seven years of satellite NDVI imagery or combine yield maps are a good high resolution analog for: a. Phosphorus deficiency b. Soil buffering capacity c. Soil classification d. Weed location 34. Kriging is commonly used to a. Increase the resolution of geospatial data b. Calibrate NDVI to grain yield c. Fill in blank areas in a GIS map d. Correlate GIS map layers 35. Feed back controllers are commonly used to regulate flow rates. Sketch the relationships among the following actions: determine flow rate, measure flow rate, set flow rate.</p><p>36. Flow rate varies as: a. Cube root of pressure b. Square root of pressure c. Linearly proportional to pressure d. Square of pressure e. Cube of pressure 37. The GreenSeeker RT200 a. Averages 6 sensor readings to determine N rate b. Sense and treats 2 x 2 feet. c. Senses the crop in each section of the boom and treats each section differently d. Only maps NDVI 38. A nanometer is: a. 1012 m b. 109 m c. 106 m d. 103 m e. 1 m f. 10-3 m g. 10-6 m h. 10-9 m i. 10-12 m 39. Grain moisture sensors generally use ____ to measure moisture. a. Capacitance b. Resistance c. Mass d. Voltage e. Inductance f. Gamma ray attenuation 40. Tulsa is located on which UTM zone a. 12 b. 13 c. 14 d. 15 e. 16 41. Which of the following are true about Precision Golf Course Management vs. Precision Production Agriculture? a. environmental sensitivity more of an issue b. economics less of an issue c. optical sensing is eased by full plant canopy d. all of the above. 42. How do you calculate NDVI a. (NIR-red)/(NIR + red) b. square root of (NIR + Red) divided by Red squared c. Red squared/ NIR d. None of the above 43. What is NDVI? a. Non-dimensional vegetative index. b. Normalized difference virtual index. c. Normalized difference vegetative index. d. Negative difference vegetative index. 44. What is NMEA 0183? 45. GIS software packages store and present data either as vectors and/or as rasters. Briefly define the terms. For what type of data would you prefer raster format and what data would you prefer vector format?</p>