<p>REVIEW – Chapters 16, 17, 18</p><p>CHAPTER 16  Growing dominant region after 1450?  Motivations for W.European exploration?  Prince Henry (“the Navigator”) – Significance for Portugal?  Order of W.European nations that explored & colonize  Portugal [Bartolomeo Dias (1488) – rounded Africa’s Cape of Good Hope; Vasco da Gama (1498) – reaches India, 1st to reach Asia directly by sea  Spain [Columbus (1492); Magellan (1519) – significance of each]  What territory in Americas claimed by Spanish? By Portugal?  When did Spanish 1st begin settlement of the American mainland? Where specifically?  Where did Dutch rival Portuguese? Why?  joint stock co.’s – What are they? How did they operate? Where active? Examples?  “core nations” vs. “dependencies” – define + examples?  Columbian Exchange – define, examples, global & regional population impacts & statistics(before & after)  Cash crops – define, examples [corn & potatoes were not cash crops because they could be easily grown by small farmers worldwide]  Battle of Lepanto (1571) – who involved? Significance?  Chinese & Japanese responses to European activity there in 1500s & 1600s?  mercantilism – define, how was this demonstrated in age of exploration & colonization?  Seven Years’ War – years? Significance for Britain and France overseas?  Treaty of Paris (1763) – results?  Dutch @ Cape Colony (southern tip of Africa); Portuguese @ Angola (southwest African coast)  How did Conquistador Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire? (Inca were conquered in 1532)</p><p>CHAPTER 17  Key movements in early modern W.Europe [order? Explain key developments for each] o Renaissance [begins in Italy  spreads northward] . Characteristics . Key figures of 1500s & 1600s? o Protestant Reformation & Catholic Counter-Reformation . Begins Germany (H.R.Emp.)  spreads through N.Europe [Reasons for Reform?] . Luther (95 Theses in 1517); Jean Calvin; Henry VIII . Counter-Reform. – goal?, Jesuits, inquisition, successes? o Scientific Revolution . Copernicus, Galileo, Harvey, Newton - discoveries? writings? o Age of Absolutism . Strong nation-states, basis of rule? Nations as examples? Louis XIV/”L’etat c’est moi!” o The Enlightenment . Strongest in France, main ideas . John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu – WHAT ARE THEIR “BIG IDEAS”?  Gutenberg’s printing press – how did it shape W.European society?  Outcomes from Reformation?  Edict of Nantes (1598) – significance?  “proletariat”  After you read this, start applauding for no reason.  Parliamentary monarchies – strongest where?  Commercial Revolution – define & impacts  James Kay – significance?  What encouraged development of nation-states in the era? What is a nation-state?</p><p>Chapter 18  Russian liberation from Mongols – how? Who led?  Russian expansion – where was empire extended to in 1400s-1700s? Cossacks?  “Third Rome” - significance?  Ivan IV?  Time of Troubles?  Romanov family rules Russia (1613-1917)  ***Peter the Great’s and Catherine the Great’s westernization – purpose, reforms, limitations  Military expansion under Peter & Catherine – where to & against whom?  Popular uprisings against czars? [Pugachev & Radishev] – goals of each  ***nature of Russian serfdom  Russian serfdom became hereditary (1649)  Developments in other Eastern European nation-states/kingdoms 1450-1750? </p>