<p>L2 BIOLOGY: TOPICS COVERED ON THE MIDTERM EXAM AND WHAT TO STUDY Lab Skills: Be able to identify, analyze and interpret:  problem & hypothesis  experimental design / procedure  control  independent & dependent variable  observation & results</p><p>Biochemistry:  lipids- Function of lipids/fats. Saturated/unsaturated fats (Polymer/monomer)  carbohydrates: Function of carbs., What are monosaccharides, disacharides Review glucose, dehydration synthesis, sugars, starches  Proteins: structure and function Carbon: What makes it a unique element? What are the two types of chemical bonds? Look over basic chemistry notes from beginning of class.</p><p>Enzymes  Are a type of protein  How do they function/are used in living organisms  How do they work in a chemical reaction? Understand substrate, reactants, products.  Effects of temperature, pH on enzyme action</p><p>Cell Membrane and Cellular Transport:  diffusion and osmosis: passive vs. active transport  Differing concentrations: if a cell is put into higher/lower salt concentration what happens  Membrane structure!</p><p>Cells: Cell structures (organelles) and their functions  cell wall (plants only)  cell membrane  nucleus  chloroplast (plants only)  ribosomes  mitochondria  Differences between plant and animal cells.  Membrane Pathways – Path of a protein through the cell, (and each organelle’s part in the process)</p><p>Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration:  Know substrates and products of both processes.  Know organelles where both occur  Understand the types of energy (light and chemical) and how they are transformed in the cycle (connection) between these two processes.</p><p>Bacteria and Viruses- 1. Characteristics/differences between viruses and bacteria (cell structures that differ) 2. Treatments and prevention for bacteria vs viral diseases (antibiotics and vaccines) </p>