<p> Annotated Bibliography</p><p>Rai, Shirin."Common Challenges for Arab The source is documented in Women."International Perspectives on Gender and mostly correct Democratization. 1997. 11 July 2009 .MLA <http://books.google.com/books? id=1mBSh16wPxIC&pg=PA64&dq=women, .<+parliament,+Arab+world</p><p>The article shows challenges experienced by women in </p><p> the Arab world, which prevent them from fulfilling neither</p><p> their legal nor social rights. The article also refers to the</p><p> idea that it is the role of the state to settle down democracy The main idea and key points of the source are in a country, set the ultimate gender equality, and .mentioned</p><p> encourage women's political participation. This article is</p><p> useful in showing the obstacles preventing women from</p><p> having their rights, including their political participation,</p><p> such as: gender inequality and the manipulation of religious The usefulness of the source and its relevance to the discourse. The article shows a real succeeding example of paper are .mentioned an Arab country, Tunisia, which overcame all the obstacles</p><p> facing women, and has reached the full gender equality,</p><p> which allowed women to politically participate freely. This The writer is source is credible as the writer is famous Iranian activist, evaluating the credibility of the .source and has many books to her name advocating the rights of</p><p> women. However, the author is a bit exaggerating and that The writer is describing his/her reaction to the is so obvious in from the language she is using. For .source</p><p> example she is attacking Tunisia , a country that believes in</p><p>.gender equality</p><p>Overall, the annotated bibliography is written in good language and it demonstrates that the-1 .writer is ready to write the outline .The selected sources provide a preliminary answer to the research question-2 .(The length of each annotation corresponds to the required length (100 words-3</p><p>Tripp, Charles, Roger, Edward, Owen, John, and Roger The source is th documented in Owen."The April 6 Elections: Future Prospects."Egypt mostly correct under Mubarak. Mar.1988. 11 July .MLA 2009<http://books.google.com/books? id=7NMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA2&dq=people's+assemb <ly+in+Egypt&as_brr=0&rview=1</p><p>The article traces the illogical results in 1987 The main idea and key points of the parliamentary elections, which was called to be resulting source are .mentioned from a number of spoiled votes. It also shows what</p><p>President Mubarak ordered in response to these results to The usefulness of make up for electoral imbalance. This article is the source and its relevance to the paper are significant for the research as it shows an example of .mentioned</p><p> parliamentary elections when only 14 women obtained</p><p> seats, which led the president to make all this up by The writer is appointing ten candidates as follows: 4 women, among evaluating the credibility of the .source them 2 Copts; 4 personalities, prominent among them The target being the Head of Al-Azhar. This article is credible as it audience is .specified</p><p> is taken from an online academic political book. It is The writer is describing his/her very clear that the target audience is those who are reaction to the .source interested in politics due to the complex language and</p><p> political terms used. The authors are describing Egypt</p><p>.under the rule of Mubarak very objectively</p><p>Mayer, Ann E."Cultural Paricularism as a Bar to Women's Rights: Reflections on the Middle Eastern Experience."Women's Rights, Human Rights. 1992. 11 July 2009 <http://books.google.com.au/books? hl=en&lr=&id=VabnI- FM5nEC&oi=fnd&pg=PA176&dq=Egyptian+women's+ political+rights&ots=ywi5L9OrvF&sig=OoKkdIt8- .<1h3wrM-ZHuKCOVYZw0</p><p>This article shows one of the biggest role playing</p><p> reasons for subordinating women because of sex and</p><p> barring them from their human rights, this what the</p><p> author called, Islamic particularism. Islamic</p><p> particularism is a term which is adopted by cultural</p><p> relativists, who argue that citizens of one society can not</p><p> legitimately condemn the practices of societies with</p><p> different traditions. This article is useful for the research</p><p> as Islamic restrictions are one of the biggest obstacles</p><p> facing women on their road to get their rights in political participation. This article argues the endless political war</p><p> between some Middle Eastern governments which apply</p><p> cultural discrimination n religious basis, and the</p><p>CEDAW object which is to free women from systematic</p><p> subordination because of sex. This article is reliable as the author is an expert in the field of women issues in the</p><p>Middle East. The author is highly biased to CEDAW</p><p> side. The conclusion of the article is that any country</p><p> which is willing to be civilized, should get free from</p><p> those old thoughts of women subordination, and to fully</p><p> allow them to politically participate irrespective of</p><p>.religious matters Hassan, Fayza."Speaking for the Other Half."Al-Ahram Weekly Online.1-7 Mar. 2009. 9 July 2009 .<<http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/523/sc3.htm</p><p>The author lists the political activities, performed by some historical Egyptian leaders, which have contributed</p><p> to make women's situation better. This source is useful</p><p> for the research as it shows many female politicians like:</p><p>Huda Shaarawi and Doria Shafik, who bravely struggled to assert society's belief in women and their talents. This,</p><p> in turn, emphasizes the idea that women in the political</p><p> field are capable of making a difference. It is a credible</p><p> source as this article id taken from a credible Egyptian newspaper, Al-Ahram Weekly. The author also depended</p><p> on some online books like Doria Shafik's A Woman</p><p>Apart, which accounts for its reliability. The article</p><p> proves that female politicians can make achievements,</p><p> which men themselves could not have achieved alone.</p><p>The author is neutral as she is listing a number of</p><p>.historical events and achievements</p><p>United Nations Development Programme."Quotas For Women In Political Institutions." The Arab Human Development Report 2005. 11 July 2009 <http://books.google.com/books? id=bW3dz2EdjzwC&pg=PA205&dq=women, .<+parliament,+Arab+world</p><p>The article discusses the effect of women's quota on their political participation. It provides real experience in several countries, like: Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia,</p><p>Palestine and Iraq, where women's parliamentary</p><p> representation was boosted after the application of the</p><p> quotas. This is useful for the research as this article</p><p> includes many statistics from different Arab countries,</p><p> revealing the effects of quotas on encouraging women to</p><p> participate in parliament. This article is credible as it is taken from a reliable online political report. The author is</p><p> biased as he considered quotas as a good mechanism for</p><p>.increasing representation of women in legislative bodies</p><p>McGrath, Cam."Politics-Egypt: Women Get Help on Road to Parliament." IPSnews. 27 June 2009. 11 July 2009 .<<http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47391</p><p>This article points out that although it was the first to</p><p> elect an Arab woman to parliament in 1957, Egypt has</p><p> experienced a massive decline in women's political representation. The article also traces the expectations for</p><p> the new parliamentary quota in Egypt. The article is</p><p> beneficial as it is full of information about the quota,</p><p> like: number of seats for women, when the quota will be implemented, and for how long it would last. In addition, there are some statements, which include the opinions of</p><p>Dr. Nehad Abu El-Komsan, chairwoman of the Egyptian</p><p> center for Women's Rights(ECWR), Dr. Hoda Badran,</p><p> head of the Cairo-based Alliance for Arab</p><p>Women(AAW), and President Mubarak who praised the</p><p> new law. This source is reliable as it belongs to IPS news, and it included many statistics about the new quota</p><p> trial and its role in increasing women's political</p><p> participation. The author is neutral as he is tracing some</p><p>.facts about the new quota</p><p>Khafagy, Fatma."Empowerment: A Battle for Both Men and Women." Al-Ahram Weekly Online.2 -8 Feb. 2006. 12 July 2009 .<<http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/print/2006/780/sc4.htm</p><p>The article is about the continuous battle in the</p><p>Egyptian society for women's rights and democracy,</p><p> proving that unless women are stopped to be excluded</p><p> from social and political affairs, no democracy will be</p><p> seen to take place. In addition, the author shows</p><p> challenges that face women preventing them from</p><p> proving themselves as individuals, who are equal to men</p><p> in the society. Moreover, she shows some opportunities for Egyptian women about how to get released from their</p><p> invisible prisons, and to start taking part in real life side</p><p> to side with men. It is useful in the research as it mentions the obstacles, which are facing Egyptian</p><p> women and preventing them from participating in life,</p><p> and consequently the political field. The source is</p><p> credible as the article is excluded from a famous</p><p>Egyptian newspaper, Al-Ahram weekly Online. Settling</p><p> the article's reliability, the author is an expert in</p><p> development planning. The article is significant, as it</p><p> showed some steps through which Egyptian women can</p><p> make higher contributions to society. The author is</p><p> biased as she is strictly for women's side, trying to help</p><p>.them to get back on the road</p><p>Saad, Rasha, and Elijah Zarwan."Egyptian Women Divided On Parliamentary Quota (News Feature). "Middle East Featuers. 15 June 2009. 11 July 2009 <http://www.mostersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/feat ures/article_1483724.php/Egyptian_women_divided_on_ .<parliamentary_quota_News_Feature</p><p>The article discusses the expectations for the new </p><p> quota and people's impression about it. It shows</p><p> statements of some people who feel optimistic about it,</p><p> for example: Safwat El-Sherif and Moufid Shehab.</p><p>Others felt suspicious about it, e.g. Muslim Brotherhood,</p><p> who regarded the quota as an underhanded means of</p><p> adding NDP seats to the parliament. The article is useful</p><p> for the research as it provides important statistics and</p><p> events about the parliamentary quota. This source is credible as it is taken from the news institution, Middle</p><p>East Features. This article makes the quota sounds</p><p> challengeable, showing both supporting and opposing</p><p> thoughts of the new quota. The author is neutral as she</p><p> traced both the expected advantages and disadvantages</p><p>.of this new law</p><p>Al-Sherbini, Ramadan."Egypt Approves Parliament Quota for Women amidst Protests. "Gulfnews.com. 16 June 2009. 9 July 2009 <http://www.gulfnews.com/region/Egypt/10323277.html .<</p><p>The article points out the controversial bill of allocating 64 seats in the Egyptian legislature for women,</p><p> highlighting that this was set due to the diminished women's participation in the legislative elections in 2005.</p><p>Most of people in charge regarded it as positive</p><p> discrimination, and also as a practical implementation.</p><p>This source is reliable as this article was taken from Gulf</p><p> news. The article is full of statistics, which emphasizes</p><p> its credibility. This article shows expectations of some</p><p> officials in the ruling party. The spokesman for the</p><p> government, Majdi Radi, regarded the new law as a practical implementation of President Mubarak's election</p><p> programme. The author is neutral, listing the latest news</p><p>.about the parliamentary quota Kmietowicz, Zosia."Victory for Women's Rights in Kuwait Reawakens hope."BMJnews. 21 Oct. 2006. 11 July 2009 .<<http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7573/826</p><p>This article describes briefly the biography of a </p><p> struggling Kuwaiti woman, Lulwa Almulla, who has</p><p> worked hard to achieve Kuwaiti women's rights. In</p><p> addition, the article shows the latest achievements</p><p> accomplished y Kuwaiti society on the road to liberating</p><p>Kuwaiti women and giving them their full rights. What</p><p> makes this article significant to the research is the fact</p><p> that although Almulla is a Kuwaiti woman who was</p><p> raised in a conservative Kuwaiti family, she became</p><p> politically active after studying 2 years of her college in</p><p> the very heated political city of Beirut. This source is</p><p> reliable as the article is from BMJ news. The author</p><p> herself was the one who interviewed Lulwa Almulla,</p><p> which adds to the reliability of her article. The article</p><p> proves that a woman is able to make a change anywhere,</p><p> unless she wasn’t given the chance. The author appears</p><p> to be biased and highly impressed by Almulla and her contributions, of which was granting the Kuwaiti women</p><p>.the right to vote Ballington, Julie."Evaluating the Implementation of the Female Quota System in Egypt."The Implementation of Quotas: African Experiences. 11-12 Nov. 2004. 11 July 2009 <http://www.iiav.nl/epublications/2004/Implementation_ .<of_Quotas_African_Experiences.pdf</p><p>The article tackles the application of the quota </p><p> system in Egypt from its dawn. Wrongly based studies</p><p> were made to evaluate women performance in the early</p><p> quotas implemented in Egypt; however, the initial</p><p> experience of those women who firstly took part in the</p><p> parliament was not satisfactory for public opinion. This</p><p> led to the cancellation of the quota by the new</p><p> government in 1986. The article is significant in pointing</p><p> out some reasons for the failure of this early female</p><p> participation. On the other hand, it shows that the</p><p> experience was the springboard for several following</p><p> events, which highlighted the need for women's political</p><p> participation, such as: the setting of a number of NGOs</p><p> and projects dealing with female political empowerment.</p><p>The article is reliable as it belongs to an online academic</p><p> reliable book. This article is significant in showing the</p><p> trials of quota application since the dawn till the present</p><p> time. The author is somehow biased tracing the only</p><p> advantages of the quota trials in awakening the debate of</p><p>.woman's political participation</p>