Caribbean regional report on the mid-term review of SIDS accelerated modalities of action 2 2 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. Caribbean regional report on the mid-term review... Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... 101 I. Means of implementation ............................................................................................................... 15 A. Coherence and linkages between the Caribbean SIDS sustainable development agenda, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, other global and regional frameworks and coordinating mechanisms ....................................................................................................... 15 1. Intergovernmental bodies ............................................................................................... 15 2. United Nations bodies .................................................................................................... 17 3. Selected cases supporting environmental governance in ............................................... 18 the context of sustainable development ................................................................................. 18 B. National institutionalisation of the SIDS sustainable development agenda ........................... 19 1. Regional overview ......................................................................................................... 19 2. Haiti’s sustainable development agenda ........................................................................ 21 3. Data and reporting .......................................................................................................... 22 II. Progress review .............................................................................................................................. 25 A. Sustained and sustainable inclusive and equitable economic growth and decent work for all (SDGs 1, 5, 8) .............................................................................................................. 25 1. Growth performance, debt and technical cooperation .................................................... 25 2. De-risking and its implications for Caribbean SIDS ...................................................... 27 3. Post-hurricane reconstruction......................................................................................... 28 4. Resilience and climate change adaptation activities ...................................................... 29 5. Trade and competitiveness ............................................................................................. 32 6. Alternative development models .................................................................................... 35 B. Climate change (SDG 13)........................................................................................................ 39 1. Regional overview ......................................................................................................... 39 2. Health and climate change adaptation ............................................................................ 43 3. Participatory governance and local adaptation measures ............................................... 44 C. Sustainable energy (SDG 7) ................................................................................................. 45 3 ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives Series – The Caribbean – No. Caribbean regional report on the mid-term review... D. Disaster risk reduction (SDG 11) ........................................................................................... 50 E. Oceans and seas (including fisheries) (SDG 14) .................................................................... 56 1. Ocean governance and the blue economy ...................................................................... 56 2. Ecosystem management ................................................................................................. 57 3. Fisheries management .................................................................................................... 59 4. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fisheries ................................................................. 61 F. Food security and nutrition (SDGs 2 & 3) ............................................................................. 61 1. Nutrition ......................................................................................................................... 61 2. Agricultural productivity, adaptation and disaster recovery .......................................... 62 3. Disaster recovery in the agricultural sector .................................................................... 64 4. Agricultural research and technology ............................................................................ 64 G. Water and sanitation (SDG 6) ................................................................................................ 65 1. Water management ........................................................................................................ 65 2. Sanitation and wastewater management ........................................................................ 68 H. Sustainable transportation (SDG 9) ........................................................................................ 69 1. Energy efficiency in the transportation sector ................................................................ 69 2. Connectivity and land transport ..................................................................................... 70 3. Air transportation ........................................................................................................... 71 4. Marine transport and freight services ............................................................................. 71 I. Sustainable consumption and production (SDG 12) .............................................................. 73 J. Management of chemicals and waste, including hazardous waste (SDG 6) .......................... 75 1. Regional overview ......................................................................................................... 75 2. Mercury contamination .................................................................................................. 76 3. Persistent organic pollutants and pesticides ................................................................... 76 4. Solid waste management and marine litter .................................................................... 77 5. Nuclear safety and e-waste............................................................................................. 78 K. Health and non-communicable diseases (SDG 3) .................................................................. 79 1. Regional overview ......................................................................................................... 79 2. Health sector governance and universal health coverage ............................................... 79 3. Non-communicable diseases .......................................................................................... 80 4. Communicable diseases ................................................................................................. 82 5. Maternal and infant health ............................................................................................. 84 6. Mental health ................................................................................................................. 84 7. Health facilities and technology ..................................................................................... 84 L. Gender equality and women’s empowerment (SDG 5) ......................................................... 85 1. Frameworks and monitoring .......................................................................................... 85 2. Equality and governance ................................................................................................ 86 3. Political participation ..................................................................................................... 86 4. Economic empowerment and autonomy ........................................................................ 87 5. Physical autonomy ......................................................................................................... 89 6. Data ................................................................................................................................ 90 7. Women and disaster preparedness, response and risk reduction .................................... 91 M. Social development (SDGs 1, 5 & 10) .................................................................................. 91 1. Regional overview ......................................................................................................... 92 2. Unemployment and poverty eradication ........................................................................ 92 3. Housing, planning and post-hurricane reconstruction .................................................... 93 4. Children’s and youth issues ........................................................................................... 95 5. Ageing populations .......................................................................................................