<p>Review: Period 4 Exam </p><p>Most of this is on the PPTs and in the readings. Use your textbook assignments to fill in the gaps. The index is always helpful. Use it. Some of this may seem redundant, but try to think more about the connections among people and events.</p><p>Renaissance  Causes and effects  Political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact  How the relationship among Christianity, individualism, and the growing secularism influenced subsequent political developments  Significant examples of Renaissance art and architecture that demonstrate an artistic ideal or visual principle  Impact of the printing press on the Renaissance and Reformation </p><p>Reformation  Causes and effects o Diversification of Christianity  Political, intellectual, artistic, economic, and religious impact</p><p>Ming China  Transition from Yuan to Ming o Reinstating the Chinese examination system  Influence on trade worldwide o Voyages of Admiral Zheng He – enhanced Chinese prestige  Impact on global trade o Growing demand of luxury goods – silk, lacquered screens, furniture, porcelain </p><p>European Exploration and Expansion (Iberian Colonization)  Causes and effects of European exploration o Portuguese school for navigation o New maps – improved knowledge of wind and ocean currents (ship designs) o Columbian Exchange o Spread of Christianity and syncretism of belief systems (Vodun in the Caribbean)  How were the Inca and Aztec empires impacted by European expansion?  Causes of expansion from 1450-1750  Mercantilism and joint-stock companies (p. 506)  Impact of expansion on both Europeans and non-Europeans o Movement of goods, wealth, free and un-free laborers o Mixing of African, America, and European cultures and peoples o European agriculture and settlement practices affected the physical environment through deforestation and soil depletion o Encomienda and hacienda systems relied on a range of coerced labor o New political and economic elites and new ethnic / racial classifications – Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos o Republica de Indios Columbian Exchange / Slave Trade  Causes and effects of the Columbian Exchange o Foods, livestock, diseases, vermin (mosquitoes and rats) o Cash crops: sugar and tobacco o Populations benefited nutritionally from the diversity of American food crops  Development of the slave trade o Growth of plantation economy increased the demand for slaves in the Americas  Impact of the slave trade on West Africa and the Americas</p><p>Absolute Monarchs  Contrast absolute and constitutional monarchies  Legitimizing rule and consolidate power o Religious ideas (divine right) o Arts to display political power – palace of Versailles  Compare citizen participation in absolute monarchies to today’s typical nation  Political changes that occurred as a result of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution</p><p>Scientific Revolution  Causes and effects of Scientific Revolution  Origins in 16th century Europe  Contributions of significant scientists</p>