<p> Chapter 7 Structure and Function of the Cell ______- smallest unit of matter that can carry on all the processes of life</p><p>Discovery of the Cell 17th century- The microscope was developed 1665- ______- viewed a slice of cork; named the spaces, ______. 1673- ______observed living cells in ______. 1838- ______- concluded all ______are made of cells. 1839- ______- said all ______are made of cells 1855- ______- stated that all cells come from ______cells</p><p>The Cell Theory 1. All living things ______. 2. Cells are the basic unit of ______and ______in living things. 3. New cells are produced from ______cells.</p><p>Cell Diversity Cells vary in size shape and internal organization- The human body has over 200 different cell types. Size of Cells Range From .2 microns – 2 meters in length See Figure 7 – 4 on page 193 Shape- depends on function</p><p>Internal Organization Terms to know for the rest of the year. ______- are cell components that perform a ______. ______- unicellular organisms that ______and membrane bound ______. Example Bacteria. ______- organisms that have a ______and membrane bound organelles. Can be single celled ______or multicellular organisms.</p><p>7.2 Cell Structure Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell ______- between the cell membrane and nucleus ______other organelles in a gelatin-like fluid called ______- also has dissolved salts minerals and organized molecules.</p><p>______– contains the cell’s _____ which contains coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules. ______information is stored in the nucleus. ______is the protein ______that maintains the shape of the nucleus. ______is a ______on the outside of the nucleus. This is filled with thousands of nuclear pores.</p><p>______– ______and associated proteins,  ______form from chromatin prior to cell division. ______site of ______production, after being made the ribosomes leave the nucleus.</p><p>For the Production of Proteins:  ______is copied from ______.  RNA controls ______.  The RNA leaves the nucleus through the ______then goes to the ______for protein synthesis.</p><p>Organelles that Store, Clean up, and Support ______store materials like ______, salts, proteins ______carbohydrates and metabolic wastes  Plants have a single large ______that is usually water filled to help support the plant.  ______are used in single celled organisms to ______water out of the cell.</p><p>Vesicles ______materials between cell ______and the cell surface.</p><p>______contains ______that get rid of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and DNA. Also digests old organelles, viruses and bacteria. (Also called ______) Cytoskeleton maintains the ______of a cell and helps with cell ______.  ______are made from a protein called Actin. Help with cell ______and contraction of ______cells.  Microtubules – hollow tubes help form ______that pull chromosomes apart during cell division.  ______help with cell division  ______– ______hair-like structures that help a cell _____ found on single celled organisms and in multicellular organisms (lungs)  ______– ______hair-like structures for ______. Example - sperm cell. Both cilia and flagella are made of ______of microtubules around a ______pair of microtubules.</p><p>Organelles that build proteins Ribosomes - site of ______made up of protein and RNA has no membrane.  found either ______or ______to the ER</p><p>______(ER) - ______molecules from one part of the cell to another 2 types  ______- has ribosomes attached. Takes ______to be exported from the cell or used in the cell membrane  ______- makes ______, regulates calcium in ______cells and breaks down _____in the liver.</p><p>Golgi Apparatus- modifies ______, and ______proteins and other materials from the ER for ______in the cell or for export out of the cell.</p><p>Organelles that Capture and Release Energy ______- have a system of ______which are flattened sacs where ______takes place.  Convert the energy from ______into chemical energy in ______. Mitochondria- ______of the cells 1. Transfers energy from organic compounds to ______– Adenosine Triphosphate 2. 2 layers A. Outer membrane- boundary between mitochondria and cytosol B. Inner membrane- called Cristae- site of chemical reactions Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own _____ and can make new mitochondria or chloroplasts when existing ones ______. Cellular Boundaries ______– supports and ______the cell found in ______cells and most ______.  Made of ______and are ______to allow water and gases to pass from cell to cell</p><p>Cell Membrane- regulates materials into and out of the cell. 1. ______- allows ______some materials in, keeps others out. 2. Membrane made of lipids- phospholipids with ______and ______ends. Form a ______. Membrane proteins- help move molecules through the bilayers Some ______channels Others ______materials ______help hold cells together or act as sites for ______or chemical ______to attach.</p><p>______- the lipid bi-layer acts like a ______instead of a solid. The______and ______can move laterally within the membrane. So the pattern of lipids and proteins constantly changes. Chapter 7 Section 3 Passive Transport The ______of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy is called ______. Every living cell exists in a ______environment. One of the most ______functions of the cell membrane is to keep the cell’s internal conditions relatively ______. It does this by regulating the movement of molecules from one side of the membrane to the other side.</p><p>Diffusion: The process by which ______move from an area of ______to an area of ______. Diffusion depends upon ______particle movements. Substances can diffuse across ______. </p><p>______is reached when the concentration of the substance on ______of the cell membrane is the ______.</p><p>Facilitated Diffusion: Molecules that cannot ______diffuse across the membrane pass through special ______in a process known as facilitated diffusion. The movement of molecules by facilitated diffusion does not require any of the cell’s energy.</p><p>Osmosis: is the diffusion of ______through a ______membrane. ______involves the movement of water molecules from an area of ______concentration to an area of ______concentration. Many cells contain water channel proteins, known as______that allow water to ______right through them. Without aquaporins, water would diffuse in and out of cells ______. </p><p>When the concentration is the ______of the membrane, the two solutions will be ______. The more concentrated sugar solution is______, compared to the dilute sugar solution. The dilute sugar solution is ______.</p><p>The _____ movement of water ______a cell exerts a force known as ______.</p><p>Active Transport The movement of material ______a concentration difference is known as ______. Active transport requires ______. Small ______and ______are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane that act like ______. Many cells use such proteins to move ______, ______, and ______ions across cell membranes. The use of ______in these systems enables cells to ______substances in a cell, even when the forces of diffusion tend to move these substances______. </p><p>Endocytosis: Endocytosis is the process of taking ______into the cell by means of infoldings, or ______, of the cell membrane, forming a ______or ______in the cytoplasm. Two examples of endocytosis are ______(food) and______(liquid).</p><p>Many cells also release material from the cell, a process known as ______. Exocytosis: During exocytosis, the membrane of the ______with the cell membrane, ______the contents ______. </p><p>Chapter 7.4 Homeostasis and Cells To maintain ______, unicellular organisms ______, respond to the environment, transform ______, and ______. Unicellular Organisms: Whether a ______or a ______, homeostasis is an issue for each unicellular organism.  Every unicellular organism needs to find sources of ______or food, to keep concentrations of ______within certain levels, and to respond quickly to ______in its environment.</p><p>Multicellular Organisms: The ______of multicellular organisms become ______for particular tasks and ______with one another to maintain homeostasis. A ______is a group of similar______that performs a particular function. </p><p>Many groups of ______working together is an _____.</p><p>A group of ______that work together to perform a specific function is called an ______. Communication between Cells: Cells in a large organism communicate by means of ______that are passed from one cell to another. To ______to one of these chemical signals, a cell must have a ______to which the signaling molecule ______. Sometimes these receptors are on the ______, others are inside the ______. </p>