<p> Chapter 14.2- Trade, Towns, and Financial Revolution</p><p> Between 1000 and 1300, agriculture, trade, and finance made remarkable progress</p><p> Towns and cities grew…due in part to growing population and territorial expansion of western Europe</p><p> Unleashed creativity led to the birth of a new institution in Europe- the university</p><p>I. A Growing Food Supply</p><p> Needed a better way of farming</p><p> Expanding civilization requires an increased food supply</p><p> Farming was helped by a warmer climate (800 to 1200 CE)</p><p> New methods as well A. Using Horsepower</p><p> Oxen were depended on previously…easy to keep, but moved very slowly</p><p> Horses needed better food, but a team of horses could plow twice as much land in a day as a team of oxen</p><p> Needed new type of harness…early Middle Ages, harnesses went around the horses’ neck (like a dog collar) and would nearly strangle them when it pulled</p><p> Before 900, new harness was introduced that fitted across the horse’s chest…taking pressure off its neck</p><p> o As a result, horses gradually replaced oxen for plowing and for pulling wagons</p><p>B. The Three-Field System  Villagers also began to organize their land differently</p><p> Old, 2-field system- 1 field used to plant food, the other field lay fallow (1/2 of land wasn’t in use at any one time)</p><p> Around 800, some villages switched to 3 fields…2/3 land in cultivation, with 1/3 laying fallow</p><p> Three-Field System…growing on 2/3 of land instead of 1/2, food production increased… villagers had more to eat</p><p> With food surplus (and healthier foods) came a population increase</p><p> Deforestation also occurred, as more forest land was cleared for cultivation</p><p>II. Trade and Finance Expand  Trade and finance expanded along with agriculture</p><p> Partly a response to population growth</p><p> By 1000’s, artisans and craftsmen were manufacturing goods by hand for local and long-distance trade</p><p> Trade routes spread across Europe from Flanders to Italy</p><p> Trade routes were opened to Asia, partly due to the Crusades</p><p>A. Fairs and Trade</p><p> Most trade took place in towns</p><p> Cloth was the most common trade item… also bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, and ropes</p><p> With local fairs, self-sufficient manors became obsolete B. The Guilds</p><p> Guild= an association of people who worked at the same occupation…similar to a union today</p><p> In medieval towns- guilds controlled all wages and prices in their craft</p><p> Over time, skilled artisans began craft guilds</p><p> o Ex: wheelwrights, glassmakers, winemakers, tailors, druggists</p><p> o Guilds enforced standards of quality</p><p> o Only masters of trade could be guild members</p><p> o Child was apprenticed to a master for 5- 7 years to learn the trade</p><p> o Then the apprentice was a journeyman and could work for wages o Journeyman then needed to make a “master piece” and if their product met the guild standards, they were welcomed into the guild as masters</p><p>C. A Financial Revolution</p><p> The fairs and guilds created a need for large amounts of cash</p><p> Merchants had to purchase goods first to be able to sell later, but Church forbade usury</p><p> Usury= lending money at interest…or selling to make a profit</p><p> Many of Europe’s Jews lived in the growing towns and were moneylenders</p><p> o Guilds excluded Jews o Moneylending was one of the few ways that Jews were permitted to make a living</p><p> o Many Jews had to live in segregated parts of towns called the ghetto</p><p> o Jews were also forbidden from holding land, so they had never become part of the feudal system</p><p> Over time, the Church relaxed its rule on usury…eventually banking was an important business, especially in Italy</p><p>III. Urban Splendor Reborn</p><p> All over Europe, trade blossomed, and better farming methods caused a spurt in population growth o 1000 to 1150- population of western Europe went from 30 million to 42 million</p><p> Towns grew (but still smaller than Constantinople)</p><p> Europe’s largest city= Paris…about 60,000 people by 1200</p><p>A. Trade and Towns Grow Together</p><p> By the later Middle Ages, trade was the lifeblood of new towns</p><p> Feudalism began breaking down, some serfs ran away</p><p> Most medieval towns developed haphazardly</p><p> Streets were narrow and filled with horses, pigs, oxen, and their refuse  No sewers, people dumped household waste, animal and human, into the street in front of their house</p><p> Most people never bathed (expose yourself to evil spirits)</p><p> Houses were built with wood and thatched roofs (wattle and daub), so they were a constant fire hazard</p><p>B. Towns and Social Order</p><p> By the 1100’s, custom developed that a serf could become free by living in a town for a year and a day.</p><p> Merchants and craftspeople didn’t fit into the traditional medieval social order of noble, clergy, and peasant</p><p> Burghers= town dwellers  Burghers eventually resented feudal lords attempts to levy fees, taxes, and rents</p><p> Many burghers organized themselves and demanded privileges</p><p>IV. Revival of Learning</p><p> Growing trade and cities brought a new interest in learning</p><p> The University stood at the center of the growth of learning</p><p>A. Scholars and Writers</p><p> University originally designated a meeting of a group of scholars, not the building</p><p> Early universities in Paris, Bologna, Oxford, Salerno</p><p> Most students were the sons of burghers or well-to-do artisans  For most students the goal was a job in government or the Church</p><p> o Bachelor’s degree in Theology= 5-7 years</p><p> o Master of Theology= about 12 years</p><p> Scholars and writers continued to use Latin</p><p> Vernacular- everyday language of a person’s homeland</p><p> Some poets began using the vernacular in their writings</p><p> Dante Alighieri wrote The Divine Comedy (1321) in Italian</p><p> Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400) in English</p><p> Christine de Pisan wrote The City of Ladies (1405) in French  Brought literature to the masses</p><p>B. The Muslim Connection</p><p> Revival of learning sparked European interest in the works of ancient scholars</p><p> Growth of trade was accelerated by the Crusades</p><p> Brought Europeans into contact with Muslims and Byzantines</p><p> o Muslims and Byzantines had preserved the writings of Greek philosophers in their libraries</p><p> 1100’s, Christian scholars from Europe began visiting Muslim libraries in Spain</p><p> o Few Western scholars knew Greek</p><p> o Jewish scholars translated Arabic versions of works by Aristotle and other Greek writers into Latin  Crusaders also brought back superior Muslim technology in ships, navigation, and weapons</p><p>C. Aquinas and Medieval Philosophy</p><p> Christian scholars were excited by Greek writings</p><p> Question: Could a Christian scholar use Aristotle’s logical approach to truth and still keep faith with the Bible?</p><p> Thomas Aquinas- mid-1200’s, scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument</p><p> o Wrote the Summa Theologica, between 1267 and 1273</p><p> o Influenced by Aristotle</p><p> o Combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of his time  Aquinas and his fellow scholars were known as schoolmen, or scholastics</p><p> o Used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time</p><p> o Teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of many western Europeans, especially the English and French</p><p> o Democratic institutions and traditions began to develop. Name: ______Date: ______Period: ___</p><p>Chapter 14.2 Formative Reading Quiz</p><p>1. Who was Thomas Aquinas? (Time Period, Location, Key Achievements). Thomas Aquinas- mid-1200’s, scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument  Wrote the Summa Theologica, between 1267 and 1273</p><p> Influenced by Aristotle</p><p> Combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought of his time</p><p>2. Draw a Diagram of the Three-Field System, and explain its impact and significance. Field 1- Crop Field 2- Crop Field 3- Fallow Three field-system increased amount of land under cultivation at one time from ½ to 2/3… 1/3 was left fallow to rest…resulted in food surplus and population increase</p><p>3. What was usury, and what was its impact on medieval society? Usury- charging interest on a loan, or increasing price of item to make a profit… considered a sin by the early Catholic Church…as a result majority of early moneylenders, bankers, and merchants were Jewish and Muslim…eventually, Catholic Church softened its stance against usury, and Christians got involved in commerce and finance…especially Italian cities.</p>