<p>EDCI 6304 Assignment #4 Jenni Alfaro</p><p>1. In the 1980’s, Bandura presented his second major concept in learning theory, called "self efficacy.” How does Bandura define this concept?</p><p> a. Self efficacy is the belief of an individual’s capabilities of achieving a goal or outcome.</p><p>2. A key concept to self efficacy is “reciprocal determinism.” How does Bandura define this phrase?</p><p> a. Reciprocal Determinism is the idea that an individual is influenced by personal factors and their social environment.</p><p>3. Bandura said there are four sources of information by which a person’s self-efficacy can increase (or decrease). What are those four sources? </p><p> a. Four Sources of Information:</p><p> a.i. Personal success/failure</p><p> a.ii. Observational learning</p><p> a.iii. Outside perceptions</p><p> a.iv. Emotional State</p><p>4. Which ONE of those four sources of information does Bandura believe is the most important and how does reciprocal determinism fit into that source?</p><p> a. Personal success/failure would be the most significant. Reciprocal Determinism plays into this because the personal factor will lead to a positive or negative outlook and the social environment, whether positive or negative, will also affect the attitude of an individual.</p><p>How does the concept of “self fulfilling prophecy” (a term originating with Bandura at this time) influence how we can increase or decrease our sense of self efficacy?</p><p> a. As an individual succeeds at any given task they experience high levels of self- efficacy, however, if that individual does not experience success then they will experience low levels of self-efficacy.</p><p>5. What is Martin Seligman’s concept of “learned helplessness” and how does it relate to Bandura’s idea of self efficacy?</p><p> a. Learned Helplessness is a concept used to describe individuals that have learned to behave helplessly. This relates to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy because once an individual deems themselves unable to complete a certain task their self-efficacy lowers.</p><p>6. How could we apply what Bandura conceptualized about self efficacy to influence our decisions about designing effective instruction for learners? EDCI 6304 Assignment #4 Jenni Alfaro</p><p> a. I would design my lessons based on the self-efficacy experienced by my pupils. I would ensure that my students experienced high self-efficacy before moving on to my next lesson. Also, I would refrain from delivering instruction that leaves my students with low levels of self-efficacy and would focus my lessons on activities that allow them to experience high levels of self-efficacy.</p>