<p> Cellular Respiration Study Guide Answers </p><p>1. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids 2. photophosphorylation is found in photosynthesis and is the process of making ATP from ADP and a phosphate, by means of a proton motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis. 3. catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler compounds often with the release of energy. An example would be the breaking down or catabolism of glucose into pyruvate. 4. anabolism is the biosynthesis or making of a molecule. An example would be making a monosaccharide into a disaccharide. Building up a molecule. 5. oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. 6. Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which Glycolysis occurs but due to the lack of oxygen this regenerates NAD+ which is needed for Glycolysis. No CO2 is produced and this only produces ATP from Glycolysis and NADH. Lactic acid fermentation is used in industry to make cheese and yogurt, by bacteria and certain fungi. We experience this when we over exercise certain muscle groups and experience muscle pain, fatigue and cramping. Luckily it is gradually carried away by the blood to the liver. Lactate is then changed back to pyruvate by the liver cells. 7. alcoholic fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which pyruvate is converted to ethyl alcohol in two steps. Glycolysis will occur but again due to lack of oxygen the Krebs cycle does not occur. Instead carbon dioxide gas is released from the pyruvate which the 3 carbon compound becomes a 2 carbon compound acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is then reduced by NADH to ethyl alcohol. This then regenerates NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate. 8. NAD+ is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism. Electron carrier. 9. glyco= sugar lysis = is to split or break. It is the splitting of glucose to pyruvate. It is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, it is the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.</p><p>CellularRespirationStudy GuideAnswers Challenge Biology 1 10. anaerobic respiration is lacking oxygen, this is a cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it. aerobic respiration is a cellular process in which oxygen is present. 11. oxaloacetic acid is a four carbon compound that is continually regenerated in cellular respiration. It is like RuBP in photosynthesis. It comes together with acetyl CoA to form citric acid. 12. Ethyl alcohol is made when oxygen is not present and yeast cells go through Glycolysis but instead of going into the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide gas is released from the pyruvate which the 3 carbon compound becomes a 2 carbon compound acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is then reduced by NADH to ethyl alcohol. This then regenerates NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate. 13. Lactic acid fermentation is anaerobic respiration in which Glycolysis occurs but due to the lack of oxygen this regenerates NAD+ which is needed for Glycolysis. No CO2 is produced and this only produces ATP from Glycolysis and NADH. Lactic acid fermentation is used in industry to make cheese and yogurt, by bacteria and certain fungi. We experience this when we over exercise certain muscle groups and experience muscle pain, fatigue and cramping. Luckily it is gradually carried away by the blood to the liver. Lactate is then changed back to pyruvate by the liver cells. 14. 4 ATP’s are made however 2 ATP at the beginning are used up, to start up Glycolysis. Therefore only 2 ATP’s are made in Glycolysis. 15. 2 ATP’s are made in the Krebs cycle because there are 2 pyruvates that are changed into 2 acetyl CoA’s. One turn of the Kreb’s cycle only uses 1 acetyl CoA at a time. Therefore one glucose molecule will take two turns of the Kreb’s cycle making 2 ATP’s. 16. 34 ATP’ s are made in the electron transport chain which is the most proficient. 17. There are 2 kinds of redox reactions: 1. oxidation—OIL loss of an electron 2. reduction—RIG gain of an electron This is when electrons are passed along the electron transport chain when one carrier loses an electron as the other carrier gains it.</p><p>18. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + SUNLIGHT ENERGY  C6H12O6 + 6 O2 </p><p>19. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 36 ADP + 36 Pi  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP 20. Plants go through both photosynthesis and respiration. In plants sugars are produced in chloroplasts. These sugars can be stored in the plant for later use then converted to other chemicals or they can be broken down </p><p>CellularRespirationStudy GuideAnswers Challenge Biology 2 in aerobic respiration to make ATP for the plant to use to meet its energy needs. 21. We only go through respiration. 22. ATP is adenosine tri phosphate a high energy molecule. 23. oxaloacetic acid and acetyl CoA come together to form citric acid. 24. ATP synthesis is the addition of a third phosphate group to ADP. 25. Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, Electron Transport Chain 26. During Glycolysis glucose is broken down to 2 three carbon molecules called pyruvate. 27. Your muscles experience fatigue, cramping and soreness 28. Substrate level phosphorylation is the when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate ( organic molecule like the catabolism (break down) of glucose) to ADP. An example would be found in Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Note that in the electron transport chain we call it oxidative phosphorylation. 29. 6 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 FADH2, is transferred to the electron transport chain. NADH is the big energy carrier here!! 30. acetyl CoA is the compound in which pyruvate from Glycolysis is changed to. It is the entry compound for the Krebs cycle. 31. 2 pyruvates 32. 6 NADH, 2 ATP and 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 33. 34 ATP’s, NAD, H2O, FAD 34. Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway (break down) in which glucose is broken down to make ATP and in the process oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. It is a process in which energy is made from the bonds of food molecules!! 35. The electrons fall to oxygen which is the final acceptor due to its high electronegativity. Oxygen then hooks up with hydrogen and becomes water. 36. pyruvate 37. NADH 38. ATP 39. oxidative respiration is an aerobic (with oxygen) chemical reaction that follows Glycolysis and that produces large amounts of ATP 40. 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Krebs Cycle 34 ATP Electron Transport Chain 38 Total ATP’s</p><p>CellularRespirationStudy GuideAnswers Challenge Biology 3</p><p>CellularRespirationStudy GuideAnswers Challenge Biology 4</p>