<p> Biology 2/SL Biology Midterm Exam Study Guide</p><p>Topic 1 Statistics  Error bars Topic 4: Genetics  Standard deviation (meaning of 1 and 2  Genes vs alleles vs chromosomes SD  Mutation: sickle anemia as an example of  from mean) base substitution mutation.  Calculating means  Meiosis: Purpose, stages, and products.  Haploid versus diploid Topic 2 Cells  Karyotypes: How it is prepared. How  Sizes of E and P cells sample is collected. Recognizing trisomy  Structure and function of plasma and gender from a karyotpye. membrane  Using Punnett grids  Active versus passive transport  Blood type – phenotypes controlled by  Osmosis vs. diffusion multiple alleles.  Endocytosis vs. exocytosis  Sex chromosomes: sex-linked traits.  Features of Eukaryotic versus prokaryotic Alleles and genotypes of sex-linked traits: cells color blindness and hemophilia.  Features of plants cells versus animal cells  Pedigree charts  Significance of surface area to volume  Codominance ratio  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  Process and product of mitosis  Gel electrophoresis  Applications of DNA profiling Topic 3: Chemistry of Life  Gene transfer: examples such as frost-  Atoms versus ions resistant tomatoes, Bt corn  Definition of organic  Cutting and pasting DNA: roles of the  Recognize structures of ribose, enzymes endonuclease and lipase deoxyribose, glucose, amino acids, fatty  Copying DNA acids  Genetically modified organisms: Examples  Dehydration synthesis (condensation) of transgenic plants (flavr savr tomatoes; versus hydrolysis salt tolerant tomatoes) and transgenic  DNA structure/bonding animals (factor IX in sheep’s milk)  DNA transcription and translation  Pros versus cons of genetic engineering  Enzymes: Purpose. Effects of (list several examples of each) temperature, pH, and substrate  Cloning Dolly concentration  Cellular respiration: Purpose. Chemical Topic 5: Ecology and Evolution equation. Location, reactants, and  Definitions: species, habitat, population, products of aerobic versus anaerobic community, ecosystem respiration  Autotrophs versus heterotrophs  Photosynthesis: Chemical equation.  Detrivores versus saprotrophs Stages of photosynthesis (light-dependent  Food chains vs. food webs: flow of matter vs light-independent). Role of chlorophyll and energy (energy pyramid: loss of and its absorption/reflection of light. energy) Effect of CO2, light, and temperature on  Trophic levels rates of photosynthesis  Role of decomposers in cycling nutrients  Greenhouse effect: Carbon cycle. Causes.  Enhanced global warming: Causes and effects  Precautionary principle  Effects of global warming on artic ecosystems  Populations: population growth curve; causes of each of the three phases.  Carrying capacity  Evolution: evidence from the fossil record (cite three), artificial selection (example of breeding), and homologous structures.  Natural selection: over production of offspring, variation within populations, variation and success.  Causes of variation: mutation versus sexual reproduction (meiosis)  Example of natural selection: antibiotic resistance in bacteria  Classification: binomial nomenclature. Seven levels of hierarchy of taxa. Five kingdoms of life. Using dichotomous keys</p>