<p>1</p><p>Measuring Pediatric Hospital Readmission Rates to Drive Quality Improvement</p><p>Additional References</p><p>Importance of readmissions</p><p>Social and clinical burdens</p><p>Davidson JE, Jones C, Bienvenu OJ. Family response to critical illness: postintensive care syndrome-family. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(2):618-624. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e318236ebf9.</p><p>Rennick JE, Johnston CC, Dougherty G, Platt R, Ritchie JA. Children’s psychological responses after critical illness and exposure to invasive technology. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2002;23(3):133-144.</p><p>Shudy M, de Almeida ML, Ly S, et al. Impact of pediatric critical illness and injury on families: a systematic literature review. Pediatrics. 2006;118 Suppl 3:S203-218. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-0951B.</p><p>Prevalence</p><p>Leyenaar JK, Lagu T, Shieh M-S, Pekow PS, Lindenauer PK. Management and outcomes of pneumonia among children with complex chronic conditions. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000317.</p><p>Springel T, Laskin B, Furth S. Readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge among children receiving chronic dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9(3):536-542. doi:10.2215/CJN.05410513.</p><p>Disparities</p><p>Beck AF, Huang B, Simmons JM, et al. Role of financial and social hardships in asthma racial disparities. Pediatrics. 2014;133(3):431-439. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2437.</p><p>Brousseau DC, Owens PL, Mosso AL, Panepinto JA, Steiner CA. Acute care utilization and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease. JAMA. 2010;303(13):1288-1294. doi:10.1001/jama.2010.378.</p><p>Liu SY, Pearlman DN. Hospital readmissions for childhood asthma: the role of individual and neighborhood factors. Public Health Rep. 2009;124(1):65-78. 2</p><p>Newman NC, Ryan PH, Huang B, Beck AF, Sauers HS, Kahn RS. Traffic-related air pollution and asthma hospital readmission in children: a longitudinal cohort study. J Pediatr. 2014;164(6):1396-1402.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.02.017.</p><p>Rodriguez F, Joynt KE, López L, Saldaña F, Jha AK. Readmission rates for Hispanic Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2011;162(2):254-261.e3. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.05.009.</p><p>Readmissions and quality</p><p>Preventability</p><p>Vest JR, Gamm LD, Oxford BA, Gonzalez MI, Slawson KM. Determinants of preventable readmissions in the United States: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2010;5:88. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-5-88.</p><p>Association with quality</p><p>Bozic KJ, Maselli J, Pekow PS, Lindenauer PK, Vail TP, Auerbach AD. The influence of procedure volumes and standardization of care on quality and efficiency in total joint replacement surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92(16):2643-2652. doi:10.2106/JBJS.I.01477.</p><p>Bridges JFP, Dor A, Grossman M. A wolf dressed in sheep’s clothing: perhaps quality measures are just unmeasured severity. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2005;4(1):55- 64.</p><p>Chen JY, Ma Q, Chen H, Yermilov I. New bundled world: quality of care and readmission in diabetes patients. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2012;6(3):563-571.</p><p>Gorodeski EZ, Starling RC, Blackstone EH. Are all readmissions bad readmissions? N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):297-298. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1001882.</p><p>Huesch MD, Ong MK, Fonarow GC. Measuring heart failure care by 30-day readmission: Rethinking the quality of outcome measures. Am Heart J. 2013;166(4):605-610.e2. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2013.07.026.</p><p>Kun SS, Edwards JD, Ward SLD, Keens TG. Hospital readmissions for newly discharged pediatric home mechanical ventilation patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012;47(4):409-414. doi:10.1002/ppul.21536.</p><p>Ludke RL, MacDowell NM, Booth BM, Hunter SA. Appropriateness of admissions and discharges among readmitted patients. Health Serv Res. 1990;25(3):501-525. 3</p><p>Morse RB, Hall M, Fieldston ES, et al. Hospital-level compliance with asthma care quality measures at children’s hospitals and subsequent asthma-related outcomes. JAMA. 2011;306(13):1454-1460. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1385.</p><p>Schmeida M, Savrin RA. Pneumonia rehospitalization of the Medicare fee-for-service patient: a state-level analysis: exploring 30-day readmission factors. Prof Case Manag. 2012;17(3):126-131. doi:10.1097/NCM.0b013e31823be14d.</p><p>Stefan MS, Pekow PS, Nsa W, et al. Hospital performance measures and 30-day readmission rates. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(3):377-385. doi:10.1007/s11606-012- 2229-8.</p><p>Hospital versus health system accountability</p><p>Kocher RP, Adashi EY. Hospital readmissions and the affordable care act: Paying for coordinated quality care. JAMA. 2011;306(16):1794-1795. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1561.</p><p>Press MJ, Scanlon DP, Ryan AM, et al. Limits of readmission rates in measuring hospital quality suggest the need for added metrics. Health Aff (Millwood). 2013;32(6):1083-1091. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2012.0518.</p><p>Potential for improvement</p><p>Interventions</p><p>Anderson C, Deepak BV, Amoateng-Adjepong Y, Zarich S. Benefits of comprehensive inpatient education and discharge planning combined with outpatient support in elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Congest Heart Fail. 2005;11(6):315-321.</p><p>Balaban RB, Weissman JS, Samuel PA, Woolhandler S. Redefining and redesigning hospital discharge to enhance patient care: a randomized controlled study. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(8):1228-1233. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0618-9.</p><p>Brown JR, Chang C-H, Zhou W, MacKenzie TA, Malenka DJ, Goodman DC. Health system characteristics and rates of readmission after acute myocardial infarction in the United States. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3(3). doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000714.</p><p>Costantino ME, Frey B, Hall B, Painter P. The influence of a postdischarge intervention on reducing hospital readmissions in a Medicare population. Popul Health Manag. 2013;16(5):310-316. doi:10.1089/pop.2012.0084.</p><p>Evans RL, Hendricks RD. Evaluating hospital discharge planning: a randomized clinical trial. Med Care. 1993;31(4):358-370. 4</p><p>Flood KL, Maclennan PA, McGrew D, Green D, Dodd C, Brown CJ. Effects of an acute care for elders unit on costs and 30-day readmissions. JAMA Intern Med. 2013:1-7. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.524.</p><p>Harrison PL, Hara PA, Pope JE, Young MC, Rula EY. The impact of postdischarge telephonic follow-up on hospital readmissions. Popul Health Manag. 2011;14(1):27-32. doi:10.1089/pop.2009.0076.</p><p>Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, et al. A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(3):178-187.</p><p>Koehler BE, Richter KM, Youngblood L, et al. Reduction of 30-day postdischarge hospital readmission or emergency department (ED) visit rates in high-risk elderly medical patients through delivery of a targeted care bundle. J Hosp Med. 2009;4(4):211-218. doi:10.1002/jhm.427.</p><p>Leschke J, Panepinto JA, Nimmer M, Hoffmann RG, Yan K, Brousseau DC. Outpatient follow-up and rehospitalizations for sickle cell disease patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58(3):406-409. doi:10.1002/pbc.23140.</p><p>Naylor MD, Brooten DA, Campbell RL, Maislin G, McCauley KM, Schwartz JS. Transitional care of older adults hospitalized with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(5):675-684. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52202.x.</p><p>Naylor M, Brooten D, Jones R, Lavizzo-Mourey R, Mezey M, Pauly M. Comprehensive discharge planning for the hospitalized elderly. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120(12):999-1006.</p><p>Phillips CO, Wright SM, Kern DE, Singa RM, Shepperd S, Rubin HR. Comprehensive discharge planning with postdischarge support for older patients with congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2004;291(11):1358-1367. doi:10.1001/jama.291.11.1358.</p><p>Rich MW, Beckham V, Wittenberg C, Leven CL, Freedland KE, Carney RM. A multidisciplinary intervention to prevent the readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(18):1190-1195. doi:10.1056/NEJM199511023331806.</p><p>Scott IA. Preventing the rebound: improving care transition in hospital discharge processes. Aust Health Rev. 2010;34(4):445-451. doi:10.1071/AH09777.</p><p>Sochalski J, Jaarsma T, Krumholz HM, et al. What works in chronic care management: the case of heart failure. Health Aff. 2009;28(1):179-189. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.179. 5</p><p>Factors other than quality that influence readmissions</p><p>Clinical progression and planned care</p><p>Young WW, Joyce DZ, Emes J, Lucking J, Schwarzbach. Readmissions: Are They an Indicator of Quality of Care? Pittsburgh Business Group on Health and Blue Cross of Western Pennsylvania; 1991. Available at: http://www.ichsr.com/publications/pdf/Readmissions.pdf.</p><p>Socioeconomic factors</p><p>Liem RI, O’Suoji C, Kingsberry PS, et al. Access to patient-centered medical homes in children with sickle cell disease. Matern Child Health J. 2014. doi:10.1007/s10995-013- 1429-0.</p><p>Quon EC, McGrath JJ. Subjective socioeconomic status and adolescent health: A meta- analysis. Health Psychol. 2013. doi:10.1037/a0033716.</p><p>Shaw LJ, Merz CNB, Bittner V, et al. Importance of socioeconomic status as a predictor of cardiovascular outcome and costs of care in women with suspected myocardial ischemia. Results from the National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute-sponsored Women’s Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2008;17(7):1081-1092. doi:10.1089/jwh.2007.0596.</p><p>Effects of readmission policies</p><p>Activation toward improvement</p><p>Hansen LO, Greenwald JL, Budnitz T, et al. Project BOOST: Effectiveness of a multihospital effort to reduce rehospitalization. J Hosp Med. 2013;8(8):421-427. doi:10.1002/jhm.2054.</p><p>Massachusetts Executive Office of Health and Human Services. MassHealth Quality Exchange (MassQEX). Available at: http://massqex.ehs.state.ma.us/massqex/index/hqi. Accessed October 1, 2013.</p><p>Ohio Hospital Association. Preventable Readmissions Fact Sheet. 2011. Available at: http://www.ohanet.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ReadmissionsFactSheet2.pdf. Accessed January 16, 2014.</p>