<p> HUMANITIES 8 FINAL EXAM (100 marks)</p><p>1. Grammar (30 marks) complete sentence - has both a subject and predicate  subject - the "who" or "what" of the sentence that is doing something or being something.  predicate - describes what the subject of the sentence is doing  examples - My name is Harry; I walked my dog.  imperative sentences - Run! Jump! (The you is implied.) fragment - incomplete sentence; missing a subject, predicate, or both (e.g "Yesterday I" or "walked" or "going to the store"). run-on - a sentence that goes on too long; you usually need to add a semicolon between two independent clauses OR break it up into 2 sentences.  examples: I love Mr. Vallis' class, it's so much fun. ◦ Why is this a run-on? There are 2 independent clauses. ▪ independent clause = complete sentence ◦ How do we fix this run-on? 1. I love Mr. Vallis' class. It's so much fun. (Break it up into 2 separate sentences.) 2. I love Mr. Vallis' class, because it's so much fun. (Link the 2 independent clauses with a conjunction, such as because or so.) 3. I love Mr. Vallis' class; therefore, it's so much fun. (Link the 2 independent clauses with a heavy connective, such as therefore, moreover, however, furthermore, etc.)</p><p>Connective sentences - sentences that use conjunctions (e.g. and, because, so, or, etc) OR sentences that use heavy connectives (e.g. therefore, however, furthermore, etc.) Transition words - Although, But, Then, Nevertheless, Next, First, Afterwards, etc.); transition words are essential for guiding your reader.</p><p>Parts of speech  noun - person, place or thing. ◦ N.B. Proper nouns are capitalized (e.g. Ms. Braun, Vancouver, Canada, Rogers Place , the Renaissance, Black Plague)  verb - action word (e.g. run, jump, was thinking, swam, to be, etc.)  adverb - describes a verb or another adverb; most adverbs end in -ly (e.g. quickly, slowly, terribly) ◦ exception to the rule - well (e.g. "I did well on the test".)  adjective - describes a noun (e.g. beautiful, smart, awesome, talented, etc)  pronoun - noun that replaces another noun; can show possession (e.g. my, mine, hers, she, we, their, its, etc.)  conjunction - a word that links or connects independent clauses or phrases (e.g. because, or, so, but, and, etc.)  preposition - a word that shows position(e.g. under, next to, above, on top of, etc.)</p><p>Cause/effect sentence: sentence with two independent clauses separated by a comma and a coordinating conjunction or heavy connective. One clause includes the cause, and one includes the effect.</p><p>Examples: The bus was late, so Althea began to worry. Harry and Raph studied hard; therefore, they passed the test. Ms. Braun's class won the class ROARS prize, since they were such lovely and hard-working students.</p><p>2. Non-fiction (5 marks) - answer questions about a non-fiction article.  5 W’s - who, what, when, where, why  Main idea - main message  supporting details - details and examples that support the main idea.</p><p>3. Poetry (5 marks) - review poetic devices (or literary devices) simile - a comparison using "like" or "as" e.g. "I was sweating like a pig."OR "I ran as fast as a cheetah." metaphor - a comparison between two objects/people/ideas NOT using like or as. e.g. "He was a cheetah on the court." onomatopoeia - word that matches its definition or sound e.g. "Pow!" or "Bam!" hyperbole - exaggeration for effect e.g. "I am so hungry I could eat a horse." alliteration - repetition of the first consonant in a series of words in a line. e.g. "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers." oxymoron - a figure of speech in which opposite words are used for effect. e.g. "I had some jumbo shrimp for dinner last night." assonance - repetition of the internal vowel sounds (inside the word). e.g. "A case with a lace hit my face."</p><p>4. Short Stories (20 marks) Character - know the different types of characters.  antagonist - the person or force that opposes the pro  protagonist - main character in the story  dynamic character - a character who changes from the beginning0 to the end of the story.  static character - a character who does not really change  flat character - a character without many characteristics; a stereotypical character often.  round character - a character with many characteristics; a life-like character; complex. Conflict - a problem in the story  person vs. person - somebody having a problem with another character.  person vs. self - an internal conflict  person vs. environment ◦ person vs. society - person against a lot of people ◦ person vs. nature - person against natural disasters, weather, and/or animals  person vs. the supernatural - person against ghosts, aliens, zombies, demons, etc. Setting - includes location (place), time, mood/atmosphere Theme - a message of a story; can be more than one theme.  examples: "Never give up."; "Friendship is important."; "It's important to accept and forgive ourselves." Plot - main events in the story.  introduction - characters and setting are introduced.  initiating event - the event that starts the conflict.  main events  climax - the most exciting part or turning point in the story.  resolution (dénouement) - conflict is resolved.  symbolism - the use of people, objects, actions, etc to represent ideas. ◦ In The Lottery, the 3-fingered salute symbolizes Shadow Council. The scroll symbolizes the winner of the lottery.</p><p>5. History(30 marks)  Chapters 1-2 Roman Empire  Chapter 10 Feudal Europe & Japan  Chapter 11 Medieval Europe  Chapter 12 Renaissance  Chapter 13 Reformation/Scientific Revolution</p><p>6. Graphing/maps (10 marks)  latitude/special parallels: Equator (0°)Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) , Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S), Arctic Circle (66.5°N), Antarctic Circle (66.5°S).  longitude: Prime Meridian (near London, England); label longitude East and West (e.g. 66°W, 23°E)  4 hemispheres: North, South, East, and West; the center is 0°, 0° (just off the coast of eastern Africa.)  Be able to identify coordinates/location.  identifying countries on Map of Europe - review the major countries and cities of importance during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.  Hint: the map will relate to some area and era of history, whether the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, etc.  Examples: Rome, Italy; Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey; Jerusalem, Israel; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; etc.  Know major bodies of water as reference points (e.g. the different oceans, seas, etc.)</p><p> weather/climate graphs: know how to read a climate graph.</p>