<p>Supplementary Table 1 Forward and reverse SRAP primers used in the present study Primer Forward Sequence Primer Reverse Sequence Me1: TGAGTCCAAACCGGATA Em1: GACTGCGTACGAATTAAT Me2: TGAGTCCAAACCGGAGC Em2: GACTGCGTACGAATTTGC Me3: TGAGTCCAAACCGGAAT Em3: GACTGCGTACGAATTGAC Me4: TGAGTCCAAACCGGACC Em4: GACTGCGTACGAATTTGA Me5: TGAGTCCAAACCGGAAG Em5: GACTGCGTACGAATTAAC Me6: TGAGTCCAAACCGGTAA Em6: GACTGCGTACGAATTGCA Me7: TGAGTCCAAACCGGTCC Em7: GACTGCGTACGAATTGAG Me8: TGAGTCCAAACCGGTGC Em8: GACTGCGTACGAATTGCC Em9 GACTGCGTACGAATTTCA</p><p>Supplementary Table 2 Polymorphism revealed by 55 SRAP primer combinations Primer Total Polymorphic Percentage of polymorphic bands combination bands bands Me1/Em1 5 5 100 Me1/Em2 7 7 100 Me1/Em3 4 3 75 Me1/Em4 8 8 100 Me1/Em5 6 6 100 Me1/Em6 5 3 60 Me1/Em7 4 4 100 Me1/Em8 4 3 75 Me1/Em9 6 6 100 Me2/Em1 7 7 100 Me2/Em2 10 10 100 Me2/Em3 9 8 88.89 Me2/Em4 7 7 100 Me2/Em6 9 8 88.89 Me2/Em7 7 6 85.71 Me2/Em9 10 9 90 Me3/Em1 8 8 100 Me3/Em2 4 4 100 Me3/Em3 6 6 100 Me3/Em4 10 8 80 Me3/Em5 7 7 100 Me3/Em6 8 7 87.50 Me3/Em7 7 7 100 Me3/Em8 5 5 100 Me3/Em9 4 3 75 Me4/Em1 5 5 100 Me4/Em2 4 3 75 Me4/Em3 3 3 100 Me4/Em4 4 4 100 Me4/Em5 4 4 100 Me4/Em6 5 5 100 Me4/Em7 7 7 100 Me4/Em8 5 5 100 Me4/Em9 6 6 100 Me5/Em1 9 9 100 Me5/Em2 7 7 100 Me5/Em3 7 7 100 Me5/Em4 6 5 83.33 Me5/Em5 9 7 77.78 Me5/Em6 5 5 100 Me5/Em8 2 2 100 Me5/Em9 4 4 100 Me6/Em1 6 6 100 Me6/Em2 4 3 75 Me6/Em3 4 4 100 Me6/Em5 9 9 100 Me6/Em6 8 7 87.50 Me6/Em7 7 7 100 Me8/Em3 6 6 100 Me8/Em4 7 7 100 Me8/Em5 7 7 100 Me8/Em6 8 8 100 Me8/Em7 6 5 83.33 Me8/Em8 9 9 100 Me8/Em9 8 8 100 Total 348 329 94.326 Average 6.33 5.98 94.326</p><p>Supplementary Table 3 Intrapopulation gene diversity of 14 M. alba subpopulations belonging to three populations from the Ladakh region Population/Subpopulatio Sample size H I NPL PPL n (mean±SD) (mean±SD) Indus SKB 4 0.1555±0.2112 0.2254±0.299 132 37.93 1 DM 4 0.1460±0.2032 0.2131±0.290 127 36.49 6 ACH 4 0.1447±0.1967 0.2142±0.282 134 38.51 9 BM 4 0.1406±0.2069 0.2025±0.294 115 33.05 3 SJ 4 0.1114±0.1880 0.1625±0.269 96 27.59 9 Suru BT 4 0.1729±0.2176 0.2495±0.307 144 41.38 5 AKM 4 0.1855±0.2032 0.2753±0.291 173 49.71 5 PS 4 0.2027±0.2155 0.2961±0.304 178 51.15 7 LO 4 0.1724±0.2068 0.2535±0.295 155 44.54 6 Nubra CH 4 0.0828±0.1687 0.1215±0.241 74 21.26 9 BK 4 0.1182±0.1947 0.1717±0.277 101 29.02 1 TU 4 0.1534±0.2090 0.2226±0.297 130 37.36 3 TY 4 0.1309±0.1975 0.1914±0.282 115 33.05 3 HU 4 0.1316±0.1913 0.1951±0.276 122 35.06 2 Nei’s gene diversity (H), Shannon’s information index (I), number of polymorphic loci (NPL), percentage of polymorphic loci (PPL), collection site codes as in Table 1</p>