<p> Unit 2 Test Study Guide: Basics of Biology and the Microbial World</p><p>1. What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?</p><p>2. Why may these generate problems for organisms?</p><p>3. What is homeostasis and how does a cell membrane influence homeostasis?</p><p>4. What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?</p><p>5. Explain the following, as well as what each would do to a cell:</p><p> a. Hypertonic solution</p><p> b. Hypotonic solution</p><p> c. Isotonic solution</p><p>6. Explain the difference(s) between osmoconforms and osmoregulators. </p><p>7. How do marine organisms hydrate themselves verses freshwater organisms? How do they maintain internal equilibrium?</p><p>8. What is the difference between ectotherms and endotherms? What reasons is temperature important for organisms?</p><p>9. Explain the surface area to volume ratio and how this influences organisms.</p><p>10. What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction? 11. What is broadcast spawning?</p><p>12. Explain natural selection and what is meant by the “fittest”.</p><p>13. What are the four organic molecules? What are they used for?</p><p>14. What are the formulas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?</p><p>15. What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?</p><p>16. Describe prokaryotes verses eukaryotes.</p><p>17. What is the proper definition of a species?</p><p>18. Describe binomial nomenclature and why we use it.</p><p>19. What are the seven levels of taxonomy?</p><p>20. What are the 5 kingdoms?</p><p>21. Be familiar with the vocabulary of chapter 5.</p><p>22. Know the difference in the organisms within the prokaryote group. a. Bacteria</p><p> a.i. Heterotrophic-</p><p> a.ii. Autotrophic-</p><p> b. Cyanobacteria – </p><p>23. Know the difference between endolithic, endophytes, and epiphytes. </p><p>24. Know what stromatolites are, how they were formed, and why they are important.</p><p>25. What are Archae bacteria and how do they differ from prokaryotic bacteria?</p><p>26. Explain what extremophiles are and why they are important.</p><p>27. Explain the difference between the two major groups within the kingdom Protista.</p><p> a. Unicellular Algae-</p><p> b. Protozoans – </p><p>28. Explain the primary differences between diatoms and dinoflagellates. </p><p>29. Define Frustule and auxospores. </p><p>30. What are the two dinoflagellates discussed and explain features unique to these dinoflagellates. 31. What are some unique features of the silicoflagellates and the coccolithophorids?</p><p>32. The three protozoans discussed include the foraminifera’s, radiolarians, and ciliates. Describe what makes them each unique.</p><p>33. What is the purpose of fungi and what makes them different from the other kingdoms?</p><p>Taxonomy Discussed in Chapter 5</p><p>I. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotes)</p><p> a. Bacteria</p><p> a.i. Cyanobacteria</p><p>II. Domain Archaea </p><p> a. Extremophiles</p><p>III. Kingdom Protista</p><p> a. Algae </p><p> a.i. Diatoms </p><p> a.ii. Dinoflagellates</p><p> a.ii.1. Zooxanthellae</p><p> a.ii.2. Pfiesteria</p><p> a.iii. Silicoflagellate</p><p> a.iv. Coccolithophorids b. Protozoans</p><p> b.i. Foraminiferans</p><p> b.ii. Radiolarians</p><p> b.iii. Ciliates</p><p>IV. Kingdom Fungi</p>