<p> Name______Date______Per______RNA & Gene Expression (Protein Synthesis) Ch. 10 Study Guide PreAP Biology F 08</p><p>Due: ______</p><p>1. Ch. 10 RNA/Protein Synthesis Questions WS—use Ch. 10 in textbook 2. Mutations & Genetic Disorders WS 3. mRNA codons WS & Science Skills: Interpreting Tables</p><p>RNA/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUESTIONS WS CHAPTER 10</p><p>1. What does RNA stand for? </p><p>2. What is the sugar found in RNA? </p><p>3. Is RNA double or single stranded? </p><p>4. In RNA, what nucleotide base always pairs with adenine? </p><p>5. Cytosine? </p><p>6. What is RNA used for in the cell? </p><p>7. What occurs during the process called gene expression or protein synthesis? </p><p>8. What does the enzyme RNA polymerase do? </p><p>9. Where in the cell is DNA found? </p><p>10. What is Transcription and where does it take place? </p><p>11. What is mRNA? </p><p>12. What is translation and where does it take place? </p><p>13. Which type of RNA reads the “code” from a strand of DNA? 14. What is the main function of tRNA? </p><p>15. What is the purpose of rRNA? </p><p>16. What are the building blocks of proteins? </p><p>17. What makes up an amino acid? </p><p>18. What is a codon? </p><p>19. What is an anticodon? </p><p>20. Fill in the missing parts according to figure 1 on page 208. DNA    Translation  </p><p>21. Look at the chart on page 211. What is the 3 base sequence that is the START codon? </p><p>22. What are the three STOP codons? </p><p>23. What are the long segments of DNA nucleotides that have no coding information p. 218?</p><p>24. Which portion of a gene is translated into proteins? </p><p>25. What is a mutation p.219? 26. What is the difference between a gene rearrangement and gene alteration? </p><p>27. Describe a point mutation, an insertion and a deletion. Mutations and Genetic Disorders</p><p>A mutation is a change in the genome. It can occur in many different ways at many different levels. We are going to make a distinction between changes in the genetic code (the DNA sequence of nucleotides) which are called point mutations, and changes in the chromosomes.</p><p>Point Mutations A point mutation is a change in the genetic code that affects only one nucleotide (base) in the DNA sequence. A point mutation often, but not always, leads to a change in the amino acid sequence. Think back to the codon chart. Remember how there is more than one codon for many of the amino acids. If a point mutation occurs that doesn’t change the amino acid coded for, it is what is called a silent mutation. Other changes do change the amino acid sequence with varying degrees of affect. Some changes in the genetic code are called nonsense mutations, others are called sense mutations. A nonsense mutation is one that results in a stop codon in the middle of the amino acid (protein) and therefore it is completely nonfunctional. Sense mutations result in a complete protein, but with at least one amino acid different. There are 3 basic things that can occur in the nucleotide sequence to result in a sense or nonsense mutation: substitutions, insertions, or deletions. A substitution occurs when one base replaces another base. An insertion is the addition of a base somewhere in the nucleotide sequence. A deletion is the loss of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence. </p><p>Complete the following problems by transcribing the mRNA sequence from the DNA sequence shown, then translating the mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence. Identify the type of mutation shown as a substitution, insertion or deletion, then whether it is a silent, sense or nonsense mutation. original DNA: TAC AAA ATA GCA ACT mRNA: ______amino acid: ______</p><p>1. mutated DNA: TAC AAA ATT AGC AAC T mRNA: ______amino acid: ______type of mutation: ______& ______</p><p>2. mutated DNA: TAC TAA ATA GCA ACT mRNA: ______amino acid: ______type of mutation: ______& ______</p><p>3. mutated DNA: TAC TAA TAG CAA CT mRNA: ______amino acid: ______type of mutation: ______& ______</p><p>Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder that results from a point mutation in a gene on chromosome 11; this gene code for one amino acid chain in a protein called hemoglobin that is found in red blood cells. There are 2 each of two different kinds of amino acid chains in one molecule of hemoglobin. The two types are called alpha and beta. The mutation that causes sickle cell anemia occurs in the beta chains. The result is a change in the shape of the red blood cell. The change in the shape of the red blood cell results in many negative affects on the body, including a decreased ability to carry oxygen in the blood, anemia, and damage to the capillaries throughout the body, which causes pain and destroys major organs in the body. A – allele for normal hemoglobin * Remember, the word a – allele for abnormal hemoglobin disease is used here because that is what it has been called over AA – homozygous normal hemoglobin time; however, it is not a Aa – heterozygous (carrier); called sickle true disease in that it is cell trait not contagious nor can it spread within a person Aa – heterozygous sickle cell disease* who has it Use the information on point mutations to determine the type of mutation that results in sickle cell anemia.</p><p>1. Normal Beta Chain of Hemoglobin DNA: CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CTC CTC mRNA: ______amino acid: ______</p><p>2. Sickle Cell Chain of Hemoglobin DNA: CAC GTG GAC TGA GGA CAC CTC mRNA: ______amino acid: ______</p><p>3. Describe the mutation that causes sickle cell anemia. ______mRNA codons</p><p>Given: mRNA sequence: AUG - CCC - AAU - GCG - UUA - UGA </p><p>The DNA sequence is: ______- ______- ______- ______- ______- ______</p><p>The tRNA sequence is: ______- ______- ______- ______- ______- ______</p><p>Use the original mRNA sequence to determine the amino acids: AUG - CCC - AAU - GCG - UUA - UGA ______- ______- ______- ______- ______- ______</p><p>Questions: 1. How many codons are in the mRNA sequence? ______2. The tRNA sequence contains ______codons. 3. Amino acids are the building blocks of a certain type of molecule. The sequence of amino acids makes up a ( carbohydrate / protein / nucleic acid ) molecule. Circle one. </p><p>From the following DNA strands, 1) draw the appropriate mRNA strand. Then, 2) determine the number of codons and the number of amino acids that can be made. </p><p>5. Number of codons: ______</p><p>Number of amino acids that can be made: ______</p><p>4. Number of codons: ______Number of amino acids that can be made: ______</p>