<p> Leader: Leah C. BIOL 211 SI Course: BIOL 211 Supplemental Instruction Instructor: Dr. Boury Iowa State University Date: 9/17/17 For the following questions, fill in the blanks with vocabulary words from this unit.</p><p>1. ______is the most logical path for a phylogenetic tree to follow.</p><p>2. ______is similarity in organisms due to common ancestry.</p><p>3. Similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry is ______.</p><p>4. The process of using bacteria and archaea to clean up polluted areas is called ______.</p><p>5. An evolution unit that includes an ancestral population and all descendants but no others is a ______.</p><p>6. Any heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual with that trait, compared with individuals without that trait, in a particular environment is called ______.</p><p>7. ______is the process by which individuals with certain heritable traits tend to produce more surviving offspring than individuals without the trait. It also leads to a genetic makeup change in the population.</p><p>8. The deliberate manipulation by humans of the genetic composition of plants or animals is called ______.</p><p>9. ______is the evolution of two or more distinct species from a single ancestral species.</p><p>10. A macromolecule consisting of one or more polypeptide chains made up of 50 or more linked amino acids is called a ______.</p><p>11. ______means “water-loving.”</p><p>12. ______means “water-hating.”</p><p>13. ______is the property of a membrane that allows some substances to diffuse across it more readily than others.</p><p>14. ______is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe, both on Earth as well as extraterrestrial life.</p><p>15. The ______was brought about by cyanobacteria and first introduced atmospheric oxygen.</p><p>16. The process of ______allows the genes in a community or ecosystem to be sequenced, analyzed, and compared to the genomes of component organisms.</p><p>17. What are the three points of the cell theory?</p><p>18. List the five characteristics of living things.</p><p>1060 Hixson-Lied Student Success Center v 515-294-6624 v [email protected] v http://www.si.iastate.edu 19. What’s the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?</p><p>20. Describe Pasteur’s experiment and state what his conclusion was.</p><p>21. Name the two conditions that are required for natural selection to occur.</p><p>22. Draw a diagram of the central dogma of genetics.</p><p>23. What was used to construct the phylogenetic tree? Why was this a good choice in comparing different species?</p><p>24. The scientific name of a golden retriever is “canis lupus familiaris.” How would you correctly write this scientific name? What do these names signify?</p><p>25. What is a control group? Why are they necessary when conducting an experiment?</p><p>26. List the four macromolecules that compose a cell, and state their functions.</p><p>27. Draw and label a diagram of a bacteria cell.</p><p>28. Draw and label a diagram of the phospholipid bilayer.</p><p>29. Why is compartmentalization so beneficial?</p><p>30. List some differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.</p><p>31. Where does nitrogen fixation take place in the nitrogen cycle? 32. What are the benefits to studying extremophiles?</p><p>33. What were Koch’s four postulates? What did this lead to?</p><p>34. What is an endospore? What’s a biofilm? What organism are these characteristics associated with?</p><p>35. Explain the concept of bioremediation, and tell how we can use it to our advantage.</p><p>36. Diagram transformation, transduction, and conjugation.</p><p>37. What two colors can bacteria cells turn during a gram stain? What do these colors signify?</p><p>38. Diagram the electron transport chain.</p><p>39. Why is oxygen usually the final electron acceptor?</p><p>40. What is the difference between ancestral traits and derived traits?</p><p>41. Why are taxa only present on the tips in phylogenetic trees?</p><p>42. Explain what convergent evolution is, and give an example.</p><p>43. What is the endsymbiotic theory? Draw it out, and give evidence for it.</p><p>44. State the results of sexual reproduction.</p><p>45. State the results of asexual reproduction. 46. Draw and list the components of the alteration of generations.</p><p>47. What are the six metabolisms an organism can use to obtain food? Describe each one.</p><p>48. What are the seven lineages of protists, and what are their defining characteristics?</p><p>For the following true and false statements, choose whether they’re true or false and, if necessary, correct a false statement.</p><p>49. Individuals can evolve.</p><p>50. Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.</p><p>51. All bacteria have flagella, pili, and capsules.</p><p>52. Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles that allow different chemical reactions to take place at the same time.</p><p>53. All bacterial DNA is present in the plasmid.</p><p>54. Cyanobacteria are the origin of free oxygen, but they’re actually a part of the Archaea domain.</p><p>55. Extremophiles are present in very common environments.</p><p>56. Eukaryotes and prokaryotes are about the same size.</p><p>57. Oxygen is almost never the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration.</p><p>58. Gram staining can be used to determine the amount of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.</p><p>59. Protists are a monophyletic group.</p><p>60. The defining characteristic between the two main groups of protists is the number of flagella present.</p><p>61. “Pseudopod” means “false stomach.”</p><p>62. Protists are the cause of many diseases found in humans.</p>