<p> Outline 22: Hominid Fossil Record The Australopithecines</p><p> Ardipithecus: known mostly from teeth  Australopithecus: the gracile australopithecines  Paranthropus: the robust australopithecines Fossil Species</p><p> Ardipithecus ramidus: 4.4 MY, teeth, jaws and bone fragments suggest it is a hominid, not a pongid.  Australopithecus afarensis: 3.8-3.0 MY based on good fossils. Clearly a bipedal animal based on bones and fossil footprints. Fossil Species</p><p> Australopithecus africanus: 2.8-2.5 MY  Robust australopithecines:</p><p> Paranthropus aethiopicus: 2.6-2.2 MY</p><p> P. robustus: 2.0-1.2 MY</p><p> P. boisei: 2.6-1.0 MY</p><p>Fossil Species</p><p> Homo habilis: 2.5-1.6 MY  H. erectus: 1.8 MY- 25,000 yrs?</p><p> Java man</p><p> Peking man</p><p> H. sapiens: archaic vs. modern Homo sapiens  Archaic H. sapiens or unique species?</p><p> H. antecessor: 800,000 years old</p><p> H. heidelbergensis: 500,000 years old</p><p> H. neandertalensis: 200,000-32,000 years old</p><p>Homo sapiens</p><p> modern H. sapiens</p><p> South Africa: 120,000 years ago</p><p> Middle East: 90,000 years ago</p><p> Australia: 50,000 years ago</p><p> Europe: 32,000 years ago</p><p> Americas: 20,000 years ago</p><p>Evolution of Modern Humans</p><p> Two Theories: </p><p> Out of Africa: all modern humans descended from a single population. Racial differences have very recent origins.</p><p> Multiregional Theory: modern humans evolved from local populations of H. erectus at several places in the Old World. Accounts for the racial differences in modern humans.</p>