<p>Final Exam Study Guide</p><p>Protein Synthesis</p><p> What is gene expression?</p><p> What happens during Transcription and translation and where in the cell do these processes occur?</p><p> One-gene one polypeptide hypothesis</p><p> Characteristics of the genetic code</p><p> Promoter and termination sequences</p><p> Start and stop cocdons</p><p> Triplet, codon, anticodon</p><p> Post transcriptional modifications of mRNA</p><p> Role of mRNA and tRNA</p><p> Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription and translation</p><p> Silent, missense and nonsense mutations</p><p> What happens if the reading frame is altered?</p><p> What is a mutation and how can they be caused?</p><p>Control of Gene Expression</p><p> What gene regulation and how does it relate to differentiated cells. Gene expression.</p><p> The lac operon</p><p> o What is an operon and what types of organisms posses them?</p><p> o What is the organization of the lac operon</p><p> o What are the components of the lac operon?</p><p> o What is the role of the regulatory gene, repressor protein, and RNA polymerase in the lac operon?</p><p> What are all of the levels of DNA packing?</p><p> What are histones and nucleosomes and how are the two related?</p><p> What is epigenetic inheritance?</p><p> What is X chromosome inactivation? Barr body?</p><p> How are eukaryotic genes organized?</p><p> What are transcription factors and enhancers and what role do they play in transcription? Final Exam Study Guide</p><p> What are microRNAs? What role do microRNA’s have in RNA interference? What is RNA interference? What is the purpose?</p><p> Be aware of all the ways in which gene expression is controlled (gene regulation)</p><p> Know what cloning is and the terms related to the cloning techniques discussed in class.</p><p> o Nuclear transplantation</p><p> o Reproductive cloning</p><p> o Therapeutic cloning</p><p> o Embryonic stem cells</p><p> o Adult stem cells</p><p> o Blastocyst</p><p> What is the genetic basis of cancer?</p><p> What are proto-oncogenes and what types of proteins do they code for? What is an oncogene?</p><p> How can mutation, duplication and movement of a proto-oncogene so that it is under the control of a different promoter lead to cancer?</p><p> What is the tumor suppressor gene?</p><p> What is a mutagen? Carcinogen?</p><p> Which substance produces more types and cases of cancer?</p><p>Concepts of Evolution/Population Genetics</p><p> Who is Darwin and what important paper did he publish?</p><p> What were two observations that Darwin made about the plant and animal specimens he observed/collected?</p><p> What is descent with modification by natural selection?</p><p> Why was the fossil record and biogeography important in Darwin’s considerations?</p><p> What is homology? </p><p> What are homologous structures?</p><p> What is a population? Gene pool? Final Exam Study Guide</p><p> What is microevolution?</p><p> What is the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and why is it useful? </p><p> What five conditions must be met in order for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?</p><p> Know how to calculate genotype and allele frequencies.</p><p> Be able to explain how the five forces of evolution can lead to microevolution?</p><p> What is gene flow, genetic drift and bottleneck effect?</p><p> What is relative fitness and how does it relate to natural selection?</p><p> What is disruptive, stabilizing and directional selection?</p><p> What is speciation?</p><p> What are prezygotic and postzygotic barriers to sexual reproduction?</p>