<p>Questions Hearts Ace –Define evolution. 2 – What was the name of Charles Darwin’s book that described natural selection? 3 – Who proposed the idea that characteristics acquired during an individual’s life are passed on to their offspring? 4 – A fossil is found to contain 2 micrograms of carbon-14. Judging by its mass, it is thought to have contained 16 micrograms of carbon-14 originally. If the half-life of carbon-14 is 6000 years (I rounded off), how old in the fossil? 5 – Who was the first guy to study fossils? He did his work in the Paris basin. 6 – What do we call a change brought about by natural selection that helps an organism survive in its environment. (NOT a change that occurs during an organism’s lifetime) 7 – Define species. 8 – What was the name of Darwin’s boat? 9 – What is differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment? 10 – What is the loss or gain of alleles from a population due to the emigration or immigration of fertile individuals, or the transfer of gametes, between populations? Jack – What do we call the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time? Queen – To what country do the Galapagos Islands belong? King – In what type of rock are fossils typically found? Diamonds Ace – Name one way that Lamarck’s and Darwin’s theories are alike and name one way they are different. 2 – Who condensed Darwin’s work into 5 observations and 3 inferences? 3 – What are the changes in the gene pool of a small population due to chance? 4 – Define homologous structures. 5 – Define vestigial structures. 6 – Contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 7 – List the five conditions that must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 8 – What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (also called genetic equilibrium)? 9 – What are the two cases that usually lead to dramatic genetic drift? 10 – In what type of nonrandom mating do individuals choose mates that are similar to themselves? Jack – Name 3 prezygotic barriers to hybridization. Queen –Give 2 specific examples of postzygotic barriers to hybridization. King – Define speciation. Spades Ace – What do we know about organisms that are close together on a phylogenetic tree? 2 – What is the best way to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms? 3 – What type of speciation occurs due to geographic isolation? 4 – What do we call selective breeding, such as that often seen with plants and domestic animals? 5 – Why are species on islands most similar to species on the nearest mainland? 6 – What type of evolution leads to analogous structures? 7 – What was Hackel’s proposed hypothesis that an organism’s ebrological development is a replay or its evolutionary history? 8 – What is always at the bottom of a phylogenetic tree? 9 – What are the 2 Hardy Weinberg equations? 10 – What do we call a change in the DNA sequence? Jack – Name different types of mutations. Queen –What is the coexistence of two or more distinct forms of individuals in the same population? King – What is a graded change in some trait along a geographical axis? Clubs Ace – What is the emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems? 2 – What type of selection eliminates the extremes? 3 – What type of selection favors opposite extremes? 4 – What is it called when the males and females of a species have different secondary sex characteristics, such as bird plumage? 5 – What species concept defines species based on reproductive isolation? 6 – The geologic time scale divides eras into ______and divides those into ______. 7 – What are two types of dating used to determine the ages of rocks and fossils? 8 – What supercontinent was created when all of the earth’s land masses converged? 9 – What usually delineates the boundaries between geologic eras? 10 – Name the 8 levels of classification of living things. Jack – What couple is famous for finding the remains of Australopithecus? Queen – What method is used to replicate small samples of DNA? King – What do we call an evolutionary branch of a phylogenetic tree? Answers Hearts Ace – The changes in species over time 2 – The Origin of Species 3 – Lamarck 4 – 18,000 5 – Cuvier 6 – adaptation 7 – Group of organisms with similar characteristics that mate to produce viable offspring 8 – HMS Beagle 9 – natural selection 10 – gene flow Jack – gene pool Queen – Ecuador King – Sedimentary Diamonds Ace – ALIKE: both described how traits are passed on from parents to offspring; DIFFERENT: Lamarck – inheritance of acquired characteristics, Darwin: persistence of traits that increase fitness. 2 – Earnst Mayr 3 – genetic drift 4 – Structures in different species that may have different functions but that are similar in structure because of common ancestry. 5 – Structure that is reduced in size and/or function but is homologous to useful structures on evolutionary ancestors. 6 – Gradualism: small changes over long time periods; Punctuated equilibrium: Rapid changes that occur after sudden extreme changes in environment – leads to gaps in fossil record. 7 – 1. Large population size 2. No immigration/emigration 3. Random mating 4. No mutation 5. No natural selection. 8 – Frequency of alleles in population remains constant over generations. 9 – Founder effect and bottleneck 10 – assortative mating Jack – mechanical isolation, habitat isolation, behavioral isolation, temporal isolation, gametic isolation Queen – Sheep/Goat, Mule, Liger King – The origin of new species in evolution. Spades Ace – They are closely related 2 – DNA analysis 3 – allopatrick 4 – artificial selection 5 – Island biogeography – species from mainland migrate to islands 6 – convergent evolution 7 – ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny 8 – common anscestor 9 – p + q = 1, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 10 – mutation Jack – point, frameshift (insertion, deletion), inversion, duplication Queen – polymorphism King – cline Clubs Ace – adaptive radiation 2 – stabilizing selection 3 – diversifying selection 4 – sexual dimorphism 5 – biological species concept 6 – periods; epochs 7 – radiometric dating, racemization 8 – Pangaea 9 – mass extinctions 10 – domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Jack – Mary and Louis Leakey Queen – Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) King – clade</p>