W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1968 Guide to Estuarine and Inshore Bivalves of Virginia Donna DeMoranville Turgeon College of William and Mary - Virginia Institute of Marine Science Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Marine Biology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Citation Turgeon, Donna DeMoranville, "Guide to Estuarine and Inshore Bivalves of Virginia" (1968). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539617402. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.25773/v5-yph4-y570 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GUIDE TO ESTUARINE AND INSHORE BIVALVES OF VIRGINIA A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the School of Marine Science The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts LIBRARY o f the VIRGINIA INSTITUTE Of MARINE. SCIENCE. By Donna DeMoranville Turgeon 1968 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts jfitw-f. /JJ'/ 4/7/A.J Donna DeMoranville Turgeon Approved, August 1968 Marvin L. Wass, Ph.D. P °tj - D . dvnd.AJlLJ*^' Jay D. Andrews, Ph.D. 'VL d. John L. Wood, Ph.D. William J. Hargi Kenneth L. Webb, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to her major professor, Dr. Marvin L. Wass, whose guidance made the completion of this project possible. Grateful appreciation is extended to the following members of the author's committee: Dr. Jay D. Andrews for his assistance and criticism of this paper; Dr. John L. Wood and Dr. William J. Hargis, Jr., for their criticism of the manu­ script; and Dr. Kenneth L. Webb for his aid and encouragement. Special thanks are due to Dr. William Clench, Dr. Ruth Turner and Dr. Kenneth Boss, members of the Department of Malacology of the Harvard Museum of Zoology, for their illustrations of the Teredinidae and Diplothyra smithii and their invaluable assistance. Mr. Paul Chanley supplied several specimens and invaluable data on salinity tolerance and general habitat. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES............................................... vii ABSTRACT...................................................... x INTRODUCTION.................................................. 2 KEY.................................... ...................... 5 DESCRIPTIONS OF SUPERFAMILIES AND SPECIES Nuculacea............................... 12 Nucula proxima........................................... 12 Yoldia limatula................................. ......... 13 Arcacea ................................. 15 Noetia ponderosa............. 15 Anadara transversa........... 17 Anadara ovalis................ 18 Mytilacea......................... 19 Brachidontes recurvus................................ 20 Modiolus demissus...................... 21 Mytilus edulis ................. 22 Amygdalum papyria ...... 23 Pectenacea.................................................. 25 Aequipecten irradians........... «... 25 Anomiacea.............. .....•.. *........................... 27 Anomia simplex............................ 27 Ostreacea ............................... 29 Crassostrea virginica............................. 29 Corbiculacea ..... 31 Polymesoda caroliniana. ............... 31 Dreissenacea.. • ......... 33 Congeria. leucophaeata., ................... 33 iv Page Lucinacea........... 35 Lucina multilineata 35 Erycinacea (Leptonacea) ........................ 37 Aligena elevata.......................................... 37 Mysella bidentata........................................ 38 Cardiacea.................................... 40 Laevicardium mortoni..................................... 40 Veneracea................................................... 42 Dosinia discus..................................... ...... 43 Cyclinella tenuis........................................ 44 Mercenaria mercenaria mercenaria. .... ............... 45 Mercenaria mercenaria notata...................,......... 45 Mercenaria campechiensis................................. 46 Pi tar morrhuana.......................................... 47.^ Gemma gemma......... ............... ..................... 48 Petricola pholadiformis.................................. 49 Tellinacea......... 50 Tellina agilis......................................... .. 51 Macoma balthica. ......... i.................... 52 Macoma phenax........ ....... 53 Macoma tenta............... 54 Abra aequalis......... 55 Abra lioica. ......................................... 55 Donax variabilis. ..... 56 Donax fossor........... 57 Tagelus plebeius................*........................ 57 Tagelus divisus......... 58 Solenacea........................ 59 Siliqua costata................................... 59 Ensis directus....................... 60 Solen viridus........................................... 61 Mactracea................. 63 Spisula solidissima solidissima............. 63 Spisula solidissima similis.............. 64 Mulinia lateralis 65 * Rangia cuneata............. ;......... 66 Myacea......... 67 Mya arenaria............................................. 67 Pholadacea • •. ............................................. 69 Barnea truncata ........ ......................... 70 Cyrtopleura costata ..... ••.......... 71 Diplothyra smithii ......................... 72 Martesia cuneiformis........ .............. .............. 73 Bankia gouldi........... -........... 7 3 Teredo navalis....... .................. ................. 7 5 v Page Pandoracea............... .. 77 Lyonsia hyalina......................................... 77 Pandora trilineata............... 78 Poromyacea..................................... ......... 80 Cardiomya gemma............ .................................80 Solemyacea........................ .................. 82 Solemya velum ........................ 82 GLOSSARY......... 84 LITERATURE CITED..................... -.................. 122 VITA .................................... 126 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Left valve with features labeled.......... 94 2. Left valve of a Teredinid showing internal and external views and a diagrammatic pallet (From Clench, 1946)..... 95 3. Nucula proxima Say, 1822............................... 96 4. Yoldia limatula (Say, 1831).............. 96 5. Noetia ponderosa (Say, 1822)........................... 97 6. Anadara transversa (Say, 1822)......................... 97 7. Anadara ovalis (Bruguiere, 1792)........... ......... .. 98 8. Brachidontes recurvus (Rafinesque, 1820)............... 99 9. Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn, 1817)................ 100 10. Mytilus edulis L., 1758......... 100 Amygdalum papyria (Conrad, 1846).......... 101 12. Aequipecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819).................. 101 13. Anomia simplex Orbigny, 1845...... .102 14. Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1792)............... 102 • 15. Polymesoda caroliniana Bose, 1830...................... 103 16. Congeria leucophaeata (Conrad, 1831).................. 103 17. Lucina multilineata Tuomey and Holmes, 1857, right valve ...... .....'.............. 104 18. Laevicardium mortoni (Conrad, 1830).................... 104 19. Aligena elevata Stimpson. 1851................ 105 vii Figure Page 20• My sella bidentata (Montagu).............................. 105 21. Dosinia discus Reeve, 1850.• 106 22. Cycline11a tenuis Recluz, 1852........ 106 23• Mercenaria mercenaria (L., 1758).............*.'•••. •.. 107 24. Pitar morrhuana (Linsley, 1848)....................... 107 25. Gemma gemma (Totten, 1 8 3 4 ) . ............ 108 26- Petricola pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818).............., 108 27. Macoma balthica (L., 1758)............................ 109 28. Tellina agilis Stimpson, 1858........ 109 29. Macoma phenax Pall, 1900.............................. 110 30. Macoma tenta Say, 1834................................ 110 31. Abra aequalis Say, 1822, right valve.................. Ill 32. Donax variabilis Say, 1822 • H I 33. Tagelus plebeius (Solander, 1786) « 112 34. a. Tagelus divisus (Spengler, 1794), right valve b. Cardinal teeth of T. divisus. enlarged...... 112 35. Siliqua costata (Say, 1822) H 3 36. .a. Ensis directus Conrad, 1843 b. Cardinal teeth of E. directus, enlarged........... 113 37. Solen viridus Say, 1821•.... 1 H 38. Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817)................... 114 39. Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) ....... I ....... • ••• H 5 40. Rangia cuneata (Gray, 1831)......... 115 41. a. Mya arenaria (L., 1758) b. Chondrophore of M. arenaria, enlarged.............. 116 viii Figure Page 42. a. Barnea truncata (Say, 1822) b. Protoplax.......................................... 116 43. Cyrtopleura costata (L., 1758...... 117 44. Diplothyra smithii (Tryon, 1862) (from Turner, 1966).. 118 45. Teredo navalis L., 1758, left valve and pallets (from Turner, 1966)......................................... 119 46. Bankia gouldi Bartsch, 1880, left valve and pallets (from Clench, 1946)....... 119 47. Lyonsia hyalina Conrad, 1831.......................... 120 48. Pandora trilineata Say, 1822.......................... 120 49. Cardiomya gemma Verrill and Bush, 1898................ 121 50. Solemya.velum Say, 1822..............................