DOCUMENT RESUME ED 320 488 HE 023 571 AUTHOR Chambers, Gail S.; Cummings, William 1:. TITLE Profiting from Education. Japan-United States International Educational Ventures in the 1980s. IIE Research Report Number Twenty. INSTITUTION Institute of International Education, New York, N.Y SPONS AGENCY Japan U.S. Friendship Commission, Washington, D.C.; United States-Japan Foundation. REPORT NO ISBN-87206-183-3 PUB DATE 90 NJTE 180p. AVAILABLE FROM Institute of International Education, 809 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017-3580 ($4.00). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Academic Standards; Accreditation (Institutions); Financial Support; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *International Cooperation; *International Educational Exchange; Program Development; Resource Allocation; *Student Exchange Programs IDENTIFIERS *Japan; *United States ABSTRACT The Institute of International Educe'ion outlines the forces behind the new wave of intern "tional cooperative venturesin higher education and the challenges they pose through a systematic focus on the Japan-United States transactions. Focus is placedon two prototypes: (1) U.S. accredited institutions setting up a cooperative venture in Japan to offer U.S. accredited courses, and (2) Japanese institutions setting up either a cooperative venture or an autonomous institution in t'ie United States to offer courses that Will receive credit in Japan. Cliapter 1 describes differences in beliefs whichcan lead to reactions of dismay and resistance for these new cooperative ventures. Chapte°. 2, in tracing the evolution of the new ventures, points to their positive elements as well. Chapter 3 discussessome of the typical problems that emerge during negotiations. Chapter 4 examines the performance to date of these institutions in realizing their educational objectives. Chapter 5 takes up issues concerning the use of public resources and the protection of public purposes in higher education. Chapter 6 reviews of the accreditationprocess as it applies to international cooperative ventures. Chapter 7 offers some reflections on the challenges posed by the new arrangements. Contains 94 references. (GLR) ****************A**v************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EJRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ****************************************************tm**************x =1111 U S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office Cl Educational Research end Improvement EDUCA AL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) IIIIPThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or orgsnizatior originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or opnions stated in thisdoctr ment do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy N in 4 s elf 0 a * S ; s 'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISL 4 ATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY ay MST. is.EA. O THE EDUCATIONAL 'RESOURCES NFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) " BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 nE Reseetth Report Number 1Wenty Drofiting . from JAPAN UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL VENTURES IN THE 1980s GAIL S. CHAMBERS, Graduate School of Education and Human Development, University of Rochester WILLIAM K. CUMMINGS, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University The Institute gratefully acknowledges support from the Japan-United States Friendship Commission and the United States-Japan Foundation for the research and publication of this report. U.S.BASED ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr. Ronald Aqua Vice President United States-Japan Foundation Mr. Peter Kamura Executive Secretary Japan Center for International Exchange Dr. Michael McDowell Vice President, External Affairs Hartwick College Dr. Richard Wood President Ear lham College ex officio Ms. Peggy Blumenthal Vice President, Educational Services Institute of International Education The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and not the Institute of International Education or the Advisory Board members. Copyright @1990 INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION 809 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA NEW YORK, NY 10017-3580 All rights reserved ISBN 87206-183-3 Printed in the United States 4 Contents Introduction I. Taking "American" Higher Education to JapaA and Vice Versa 1 The Socioeconomic Environment 2 The Two Educational Systems 5 Assumptions and Myths 12 II. How the Movement Has Developed 16 Earlier Patterns of International Education 17 Ideals and Good Business 20 Development of Japanese Overseas Education 21 The Developing U.S. Context 23 Catalysts and Agents 26 The Resulting Partnerships 32 The Development of U.S. Overseas Education in Japan 34 Development of Japanese Overseas Education in the United States 43 The Resulting Range of Educational Programs 48 III. Negotiating Finances and Control 53 Apportioning Risk and Benefit 53 The Legal Basis of Control 55 Split Administrative Structure 57 Alternative Models 61 Split Board Control 61 Continuing Negotiations 68 IV. The Educational Results 75 The Educationa! Objectives 75 How the Two Prototypes Fit With Student Expectations 77 The Graduate-Level Programs 82 Staffing and Academic Support 83 Conclusion 85 t)r V. Who Controls the Use of Public Resources? 87 Issues Involving U.S. Public Institutions 88 Issues Involving U.S. Private Institutions 90 Issues Involving U.S. Proprietary Institutions 96 Issues Involving Governmental Partners 101 Alternative Approaches in Japan 106 Precautions 112 VI. Who Is In Charge of Standards? 113 The Present Impact of National Standards 113 Regulation in Japan: An Emphasis on Inputs 114 Regulation in the United States: An Emphasis on Process 116 The American Debate on Overseas Campuses 120 Who is Concerned With the International Balance on American Campuses? 125 Where Is the Japanese Debate? 126 Points of Incompatibility 127 VII. Summary and Recommendations 129 What We Studied 129 What We Found 130 Prospects for the Movement 131 A Program of Reform 132 Recommendations for Immediate Practical Steps 134 Recommendations for National Educational Policy 137 The Need for Action Now 142 Appendix I: Case Listing for the Project 144 Appendix Guidelines on Contractual Relationships 156 Bibliography 161 f; Introduction In view of the increasing interconnectedness of the modern world, an important concern for many higher-education institutions during recent decades has been to develop a more international outlook, through "inter- nationalizing" the curriculum, sending students abroad for study and receiv- ing foreign students, and encouraging faculty to engage in cross-national research projects and consulting. Until recently, these activities have been arranged so as to preserve the integrity of the participating institutions, and most of them 1lve been favorably received. But from the late seventies, a fundamentally new wave of international activity has emerged which will be referred to in this study as the formation of "cooperative ventures." In such ventures, an institution (usually of higher education) in one nation seeks to expand its international activities through obtaining either a partial or a controlling interest in a foreign higher- education institution.In some instances, the respective institutions are balanced in quality and purpose. More often, one of the institutions brings a particularly valued asset, such as financial capacity, while the partner offers special educational capabilities and/or its official claim to accredita- tion.These ventures are cooperative in the sense that itis virtually impossible for them to be consummated without the mutual agreement of both parties. The number of higher-education institutions touched by this new wave has rapidly increased.American institutions initiated the wave by forming international cooperative ventures in Southeast Asia. But from the early eighties the Americans have turned to the much larger and presumably more profitable Japanese market. Soon Japanese educators and entrepre- neurs began to reciprocate with feelers for cooperative ventures on Ameri- can soil. "Profit" in the rhetoric of these innovators has multiple meanings. As educators, they seek to develop new arrangements that will enrich oppor- tunities for education and related experiences consistent with the emerging Trans-Pacific economic c rder. Thus, one meaning of profit is the enhance- ment of mutual understanding by young Japanese, Americans, and others who will be involved in building a new fabric of international relations. As entrepreneurs, these same innovators sense that the level of interest in such opportunities will make them hig'nly attractive, bringing in new groups of students and new re' enues. Profit may also emerge from side develop- ments, such as the establishment of sister city relations or new business 1 ISIZZOMIZLECtillablamr NIII1Ii= opportunities. Therefore, much is expected from these nevi cooperative ventures. This study seeks to outline the forces behind the new wave of "international cooperative ventures" in higher education, as well as the challenges they pose, through a systematic focus on the Japan-United States transactions. Broadly, two prototypes provide focus for the study: (1) U.S. accredited institutions which set up a cooperative venture in Japanto offer U.S. accredited courses, and (2) Japanese institutions which setup either a cooperative venture or an autonomous institution in the United Statesto offer courses that will receive credit in Japan. All togetherthereare over 100 documented attempts, of which approximately 30 have moved beyondthe contract