'2AHMANN,ANDBAUFORSCHUNG V4)!GRICULTUREAND&ORESTRY2ESEARCH "IODIVERSITYAND/RGANICFARMING7HATDOWEKNOW 'EROLD2AHMANN !BSTRACT :USAMMENFASSUNG 4HENUMBEROFSTUDIESONORGANICFARMINGANDBIODIVER "IODIVERSIT¼TUND®KOLOGISCHER,ANDBAUq7ASWIS SITYINCREASEDSIGNIÚCANTLYWITHINTHELASTYEARS-EANWHILE SENWIR ORGANICFARMINGHASBEENRECOGNISEDASAÚELDWITHSCIENTIÚC RELEVANCE!BOUT PUBLICATIONSWEREFOUNDINTHE )NDENLETZTEN*AHRENSINDEINE6IELZAHLVONNEUEN3TU 7EBOF3CIENCEWWWISIKNOWLEDGECOM USING%NDNOTE DIENZUM®KOLOGISCHEN,ANDBAUUND"IODIVERSIT¼TVERÎF SOFTWAREWITHTHEWORDINGnORGANICFARMINGo ANDOUTOF FENTLICHT WORDEN $ER ®KOLOGISCHE ,ANDBAU HAT ALS WIS THESE ABOUT WERE PUBLISHED BY 'ERMAN SCIENTISTS SENSCHAFTLICHES/BJEKTAN"EDEUTUNGGEWONNEN)MWEB )NTOTALPUBLICATIONSOFTHESEPAPERSCONTAINED OF SCIENCE WWWISIKNOWLEDGECOM WURDEN MIT DEM ALSOTHEWORDnBIODIVERSITYo (ALFOFTHEMWERE 1UELLENRECHERCHEPROGRAMM %NDNOTE UNTER DEM 3TICH PUBLISHED DURING THE LAST ÚVE YEARS AND ARE MOSTLY AU WORT nORGANIC FARMINGo 1UELLEN GEFUNDEN DA THOREDBY%UROPEANS!META DATAANALYSISOFTHESE VON AUS$EUTSCHLAND-ITDERERG¼NZENDEN SCIENTIÚCPAPERSHASBEENCARRIEDOUTTOANSWERTHEQUES %INSCHR¼NKUNG nBIODIVERSITYo WAREN ES IMMER NOCH TIONWHETHERORGANICFARMINGHASANADVANTAGEFORBIO 1UELLEN WOVONDIE(¼LFTEERSTINDENLETZTENFÔNF DIVERSITYINCOMPARISONTOCONVENTIONALFARMINGSYSTEMS *AHRENVERÎFFENTLICHTWURDE VORWIEGENDAUS%UROPA)NEI OUTOFRELEVANTRESULTSFOUNDAHIGHERDEGREE NER-ETAANALYSEWURDENDIESE1UELLENAUFIHRE!US OFBIODIVERSITYINORGANICFARMINGWHENCOMPAREDTOCON SAGENBEZÔGLICHDER"EDEUTUNGDES®KOLOGISCHEN,AND VENTIONALFARMING)NPAPERS NODIFFERENCEWAS BAUSFÔRDIE"IODIVERSIT¼TUNTERSUCHT VERIÚED AND IN CONTRIBUTIONS ORGANIC FARMING %SKONNTEN"EWERTUNGENVERWENDETWARDEN YIELDEDLESSBIODIVERSITYOFTHEMFORSOILINVERTEBRATES DER "EWERTUNGEN STELLTEN FEST DASS DER ®KOLO 4HUSITMAYBECONCLUDEDTHATORGANICFARMINGPRODUCES GISCHE,ANDBAUMEHR"IODIVERSIT¼TAUFWEISSTALSDERKON MOREBIODIVERSITY2ESEARCHGAPSSTILLEXISTFORTHEUNDER VENTIONELLE,ANDBAU7EITERE DER"EWERTUNGEN STANDINGOFFUNCTIONALBIODIVERSITYANDECOSYSTEMIMPACT WARENINDIFFERENTUNDNURDAVONALLEINEIM"E WHICHCOMPRISESOILBIOTA LANDSCAPEECOSYSTEMANDHABI REICHDES"ODENLEBENS STELLTENFEST DASSDIE"IODIVERSIT¼T TAT ANDGENETICBIODIVERSITYONAGRICULTURALLANDINNATURAL IM®KOLOGISCHEN,ANDBAUNIEDRIGERALSIMKONVENTIONELLEN HABITATS)NADDITION MOREINFORMATIONISREQUIREDABOUT ,ANDBAUIST BIODIVERSITYOFFARMINGSYSTEMSINNON %UROPEANREGIONS :USAMMENFASSEND KANN AUS DIESER -ETAANALYSE GE PARTICULARLYINTHETROPICSANDSUB TROPICS SCHLOSSENWERDEN DASSDER®KOLOGISCHE,ANDBAUFÎRDER LICH FÔR DIE "IODIVERSIT¼T IST $IE WISSENSCHAFTLICHE !RBEIT +EYWORDS!GRI ENVIRONMENTALSCHEMES ORGANICFARMING SOLLTESICHVERST¼RKTUMDIE,ÔCKENDES7ISSENSZURFUNK BIODIVERSITY INTEGRATION LONG TERMÚELDSTUDIES SEGREGA TIONELLEN "IODIVERSIT¼T UND LANDWIRTSCHAFTLICHE 3YSTEME TION KÔMMERN $AS "ODENLEBEN DIE ,ANDSCHAFT ®KOSYSTEM (ABITATE SOWIEDIEGENETISCHEAGRO UNDNATÔRLICHE"IODI VERSIT¼TSINDDABEIHERVORZUHEBEN!UCHFEHLTESAN7IS SENÔBERDIE7IRKUNGDES®KOLANDBAUSAUFDIE"IODIVER SIT¼TTROPISCHERODERSUB TROPISCHER!GROZONENVORALLEM AU·ERHALBVON%UROPA 3CHLÔSSELWORTE !GRARUMWELTMA·NAHMEN ®KOLOGISCHER ,ANDBAU "IODIVERSIT¼T )NTEGRATION ,ANGZEIT&ELDSTUDIEN 3EGREGATION *OHANN(EINRICHVON4HÔNEN)NSTITUTEV4) &EDERAL2ESEARCH)NSTITUTEFOR 2URAL!REAS &ORESTRYAND&ISHERIES )NSTITUTEOF/RGANIC&ARMING 4RENTHORST 7ESTERAU 'ERMANY GEROLDRAHMANN VTIBUNDDE )NTRODUCTION DECLINEDBYMORETHANSINCE7HILETHE4ROPI CAL,0)DECLINEDBYALMOST THE4EMPERATE,0);INCLUD ,0)DECLINEDBYALMOST THE4EMPERATE,0);INCLUD "IODIVERSITYISONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTRESOURCESON ING 'ERMANY= INCREASED BY /BVIOUSLY THE EFFORTS EARTH ANDHUMANACTIVITIESENDANGERTHETOTALNUMBEROF TOPROTECTENVIRONMENTANDNATUREINTEMPERATECLIMATES SPECIES,ARGENUMBERSAREALREADYEXTINCTORCLOSETOBE MAINLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES OF THE WESTERN WORLD HAVE INGERASED!TTHE2IO CONFERENCE THE5NITED.ATIONS BEEN SUCCESSFUL AFTER SUBSTANTIAL DECLINES IN THE PAST AGREEDTOREDUCEBIODIVERSITYLOSSESTOZEROIN4HE !BOUTMILLIONSPECIESARE DESCRIBEDWORLDWIDE BUT GOALSHAVENOTBEENREACHED&ARMINGINTENSIÚCATIONAND THEYAREPROBABLYONLYASMALLSHAREOFTHETRUETOTALNUM LANDUSECHANGE AREMAINREASONSFORBIODIVERSITYLOSSES BERESTIMATESPROVIDEANUMBEROFUPTOMILLIONSPE BUTAGRICULTURECANALSOPROTECTANDENHANCEBIODIVERSITY CIES#"$ 3EVERAL STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO PRODUCE FOOD )N'ERMANY ANIMALSPECIESAREDESCRIBED!NON ANDPROTECTBIODIVERSITY/RGANICFARMINGISCONSIDEREDAN YMOUS A AND DIFFERENTPLANTSCANBEFOUNDOF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLYFORMOFFOODPRODUCTIONANDRE WHICH AREINDIGENOUS"UNDESAMTFÔR.ATURSCHUTZ CEIVESAGRI ENVIRONMENTALPAYMENTSFORTHEPROTECTIONOF "F. 4HESE ÚGURES INCLUDE TREE SPECIES BIODIVERSITY"UTDOESORGANICFARMINGLIVEUPTOTHISEXPEC SHRUBS INSECTS BACTERIAESTIMATIONSARE TATION!LOTOFSCIENTIÚCEFFORTSHAVEBEENMADETOANSWER MILLION BACTERIA SPECIES EXIST VERTEBRATES WITH THISQUESTION4HEPRESENTEDMETA DATAANALYSISWASMADE MAMMALSBIRDSPECIESREPTILES ANDAMPHIB TOGIVEANUP TO DATEEVALUATIONOFTHESTATEOFTHEART IANS-OSTOFTHE HIGHERPLANT AND ANIMALSPECIES AREENDANGEREDBECAUSEOFLANDUSECHANGESANDLANDUSE 4HEBACKGROUND INTENSIÚCATION 2AHMANN !MONG THE %UROPEAN COUNTRIES LOSSES IN BIODIVERSITY ARE HIGHEST IN 'ERMANY "IODIVERSITYISDEÚNEDASTHEVARIABILITYAMONGLIVINGOR !BOUTOFTHEÛORASPECIESANDEVENMOREANIMAL GANISMS FROM ALL SOURCES INCLUDING INTER ALIA TERRESTRIAL SPECIESOFTHEBIRDS OFTHEMAMMALS MARINE ANDOTHERAQUATICECOSYSTEMS ANDTHEECOLOGICAL OF ANTS AND OF BEES ARE EXTINCT OR ENDANGERED COMPLEXES OF WHICH THEY ARE PART THIS INCLUDES DIVERSITY !NONYMOUS B"F. WITHINSPECIES BETWEENSPECIESANDOFECOSYSTEMS2EFER !GRO BIODIVERSITYISANIMPORTANTPARTOFTHEWORLDBIO ENCE 4HISBIODIVERSITYISTHREATENEDBYHUMANACTIVITIES DIVERSITY &ROM THE WORLDWIDE DESCRIBED PLANT ,ANDUSECHANGES DEGRADATION POLLUTION CLIMATECHANGE SPECIES ABOUT ARE EDIBLE AND ABOUT ARE ANDDESERTIÚCATIONANDLASTBUTNOTLEASTHUMANPOPULA CURRENTLY USEDFOR CONSUMPTION.OT MORETHAN SPE TIONGROWTHENFORCEDTHELOSSOFBIODIVERSITYBYFACTOR CIESCOMPRISEMORETHANOFTHEFOODCOMPOSITION TO WHENCOMPAREDTONATURALEXTINCTION)N !NDITISONLYTHREESPECIESRICE WHEAT CORN WHICHSUPPLY THE 5NITED .ATIONS AGREED TO RESCUE THE WORLDmS BIODI MORETHANOFTODAYmSHUMANFOOD"UNDESANSTALTFÔR VERSITY4HE#ONVENTIONOF"IOLOGICAL$IVERSITY#"$ ,ANDWIRTSCHAFTUND%RN¼HRUNG",% "%+/ !BOUT COUNTRIESANDTHE%UROPEAN5NION ISONEOFTHETHREE2IO OF THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS IS AL CONVENTIONS n4HE TARGET AGREED BY THE WORLDmS'OVERN READYEXTINCTGENETICEROSION 0ARTICULARLYFRUITSANDVEG MENTSIN;2IO SUMMITIN*OHANNESBURG'2= nTO ETABLESSPECIESANDVARIETIESAREENDANGERED!NONYMOUS ACHIEVEBYASIGNIÚCANTREDUCTIONOFTHECURRENTRATE C #ROPPRODUCTIONDOMINATESTHELANDUSEOFMANY OFBIODIVERSITYLOSSATTHEGLOBAL REGIONALANDNATIONALLEVEL COUNTRIESOFTHEWORLD)N'ERMANYMORETHANOFTHE ASACONTRIBUTIONTOPOVERTYALLEVIATIONANDTOTHEBENEÚT LANDSURFACEISUSEDFORAGRICULTURE/NLYASMALLNUMBER OF ALL LIFE ON %ARTHo HAS NOT BEEN MET4HISDISAPPOINT OFDIFFERENTCROPSPECIESAREPLANTED!TOTALOFOF INGCONCLUSIONISTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHEn'LOBAL"IODIVER THEARABLELANDISUSEDFORWHEAT FORBARLEY SITYOUTLOOKOFTHE5NITED.ATIONSINo THEYEAROF FORCORN FOROILSEEDRAPE FORRYESOTHATONLY BIODIVERSITY4HISFATALSITUATIONNEEDSTOBEFACEDTHOUGH AQUARTEROFTHELANDISCULTIVATEDWITHANYOTHERPLANT MORETHANCOUNTRIESOFTHE0ARTIESTOTHE#ON #OUNTERPRODUCTIVEINTERMSOFBIODIVERSITYISTHATCROPSARE VENTION INCLUDING'ERMANYANDTHE%UROPEAN5NION IM REGULARLYCULTIVATEDINMONOCULTURE4HEUSEOFPESTICIDES PLEMENTEDNATIONALBIODIVERSITYSTRATEGIESANDACTIONPLANS CAUSESACHANGEOFTHEHABITATANDREDUCEERADICATEWILD #ONVENTIONOF"IOLOGICAL$IVERSITY#"$ PLANTSANDWILDANIMALBIODIVERSITYONAREGIONALSCALE )TISAFACTTHATTHEWORLDmSBIODIVERSITYISSTILLDECREAS !SIMILARTRENDCANBEOBSERVEDINPENS-ORETHAN ING4HEGLOBAL,IVING0LANET)NDEX,0) 77& HAS ANIMALSPECIESAREDOMESTICATEDBUTONLYOFTHEMARE OF ECONOMIC RELEVANCE (UMAN SELECTION HAS CREATED A LARGENUMBEROFDIFFERENTBREEDS-ANYLIVESTOCKBREEDS 4HE,IVING0LANET)NDEXTRACKSNEARLY POPULATIONSOFFISH AM 4HE,IVING0LANET)NDEXTRACKSNEARLY POPULATIONSOFFISH AM AREENDANGERED ESPECIALLYSHEEPANDGOATBREEDS3AM PHIBIAN REPTILE BIRDANDMAMMALSPECIES77& BRAUS WWWG E HDE 4HE &!/ REGISTERED MORE '2AHMANN,ANDBAUFORSCHUNG V4)!GRICULTUREAND&ORESTRY2ESEARCH THAN DIFFERENTBREEDSWORLDWIDE&!/ AND INGCONTINUOUSLYANDISPRACTICEDINMORETHANCOUN MORETHAN OFTHEMAREENDANGERED TRIESOFATOTALOFCOUNTRIESINTHEYEARONLY 4HE PROTECTION AND BACKING OF BIODIVERSITY IS ONE OF COUNTRIESWEREDOCUMENTEDWITHORGANICPRODUCTION )N THEMAINCHALLENGESOFFARMING%VENBEFOREPUBLICLAWS MORETHAN FARMS ORGANICFARMS ENFORCED PROTECTION OF WILD PLANTS AND ANIMALS ORGANIC ONLYIN)NDIA MANAGEABOUTMILLIONHECTARESFARMLAND FARMINGHADDECLAREDTHEAIMTOPROTECTTHEENVIRONMENT ORGANICALLY WITH CERTIÚCATION OF TOTAL AGRICULTURAL ANDBIODIVERSITYINTHEÚRSTVERSIONOFPRINCIPLES)&/!- FARMLANDPLUSMILLIONHECTAREWILDCOLLECTIONAREA WWWIFOAMORG OFTHEWORLDmSORGANICFARMLANDISGRASSLAND7ILLERETAL /NEOFTHEFOURPRINCIPLESOFORGANICFARMINGISDEÚNED BY THE )NTERNATIONAL &EDERATION OF /RGANIC !GRICULTURAL %UROPE WAS AND IS THE MOST DRIVING CONTINENT IN THE -OVEMENT )&/!- n4HE 0RINCIPLE OF %COLOGY DEVELOPMENTANDESTABLISHMENTOFORGANICFARMING/NE /RGANIC!GRICULTURESHOULDBEBASEDONLIVINGECOLOGICAL QUARTER OF THE WORLDmS ORGANIC FARM LAND IS IN %UROPE SYSTEMSANDCYCLES WORKWITHTHEM EMULATETHEMAND FARMS MILLIONHECTARES SHAREOFTOTAL HELPSUSTAINTHEM;c=/RGANICAGRICULTURESHOULDATTAIN FARMLAND )NTHE%UROPEAN5NION%5 ABOUT ECOLOGICALBALANCETHROUGHTHEDESIGNOFFARMINGSYSTEMS FARMSMANAGEMILLIONHECTARESLANDORGANICALLY ESTABLISHMENTOFHABITATSANDMAINTENANCEOFGENETICAND OFTHETOTALFARMLAND ANDGENERATEPRODUCEWORTH AGRICULTURALDIVERSITY4HOSEWHOPRODUCE PROCESS TRADE
Details
-
File Typepdf
-
Upload Time-
-
Content LanguagesEnglish
-
Upload UserAnonymous/Not logged-in
-
File Pages20 Page
-
File Size-