<p>Study Guide 2 Dr. Nowatka Social Psychology (250)</p><p>Names to know: Aronson, D. Bem, Festinger, Heider, Eagly, Janis, Asch, Milgram, Zimbardo, Sherif, Zajonc</p><p>Chapter 4 - Self</p><p>1.What are the origins of self knowledge? How does social interaction influence our self perceptions?</p><p>2. What are the 2 factors in Schachter’s theory of arousal?</p><p>3. How does self-perception typically differ in Western vs. Eastern cultures?</p><p>4. Define the self-schema and schematicity. How do self-schemas affect our processing of information about ourselves and others, in children and in adults?</p><p>5. Describe McGuire’s methodology — the spontaneous self-concept. What factors influence the spontaneous self-concept?</p><p>6. What are the ideal self and “ought” self? What are the outcomes of focusing on these?</p><p>7. What is self-complexity? What are the effects of having a more versus less complex self?</p><p>8. Define self-awareness and describe the factors that induce this state. What did we learn from the Cheating and Candy Studies?</p><p>9. What are the motivations that drive self-regulation? Describe Tesser’s self-evaluation maintenance model & predictions of the comparison effect and the reflection effect.</p><p>10. What is the basic idea behind Festinger’s social comparison theory? What are the goals of social comparison?</p><p>11. By what mechanisms do people attempt to manage the impressions that they make on others?</p><p>12. What is self-handicapping?</p><p>Chapter 10 – Groups</p><p>1. Explain the phenomena of social facilitation and social inhibition. How does Zajonc’s theory explain them? How does evaluation apprehension differ? What were the findings of the 8-ball and cockroach studies? What is the “most dominant response tendency”?</p><p>2. What is social loafing and how can it be decreased? 3. Explain deindividuation and the primary factor that leads to it. Describe Zimbardo’s Prison Study.</p><p>4. What factors increase and what factors decrease group cohesiveness?</p><p>5. How did research on the risky shift phenomenon lead to the concept of group polarization?</p><p>6. Describe groupthink, along with its causes and consequences.</p><p>7. What factors lead people to behave cooperatively versus competitively? What is the prisoner’s dilemma?</p><p>8. What are the great-person, situational, and contingency models of leadership?</p><p>9. As discussed in class, are groups (i.e., juries) better or worse than individuals at decision making? Why?</p><p>Chapter 7 - Social Influence</p><p>1. What are conformity, obedience, and compliance?</p><p>2. What are the evidence and theories on sex differences in conformity?</p><p>3. Describe the Sherif, Asch, and Milgram studies, along with their findings. How can the power of Milgram’s situation be explained?</p><p>4. Describe the immediate and delayed reactions of Milgram’s subjects to participating in his initial study. In Milgram’s later research, what factors increased and what factors decreased subjects’ obedience?</p><p>5. What are informational and normative influence? What factors influence conformity? When do minorities tend to reduce conformity to the majority pattern?</p><p>6. What has cross-cultural research shown with respect to conformity?</p><p>7. What factors give people social power?</p><p>8. Describe the foot-in-the-door, pique, door-in-the-face, and that’s-not-all techniques.</p><p>9. Explain the Eichmann defense, the “normality thesis,” and the relevance of the fundamental attribution error for obedience. Chapter 11 - Gender</p><p>1. Explain the cognitive biases that promote and maintain gender stereotypes. What is the cross-cultural research on gender stereotypes? Describe the three factors (in the book) that determine whether stereotypes are activated or not.</p><p>2. What messages do teachers send to boys and girls about their academic successes and failures?</p><p>3. How do children’s knowledge of and adherence to gender roles change with age?</p><p>4. Explain the phenomenon of transsexualism. What treatments have and have not been successful? What is psychological androgyny? What are the results of research on flexibility and self-esteem in androgynous persons?</p><p>5. Briefly list the findings on sex differences in social behavior. What general conclusions can be drawn about the research on sex differences?</p><p>6. How have sex roles changed and how have they remained the same?</p><p>7. What theories are included in the current, integrated approach to sex-role development and what contribution does each make? Explain the biology-environment controversy.</p><p>8. Which prior beliefs were confirmed and which disconfirmed by Kinsey’s groundbreaking research on sexual behavior? What are the results of the more recent metaanalysis by Oliver and Shibley Hyde?</p>