<p>Anatomy and Physiology Semester 1 finals study guide: Thacker 12/2016 First of all, please study your quizzes and your guided notes you have taken in this class. Knowing the information on those will be very helpful to you. What is on the test??</p><p>Unit 1 Anatomy and Physiology Intro 1. The study of form: Know the key words in this section 2. Scientific Method: Be able to describe the difference between inductive and deductive method 3. Human function: o Be able to describe how homeostasis works o Know how homeostasis, dynamic equilibrium and set point are all related o How does a negative feedback loop aid homeostasis? o How can a positive feed back loop disrupt homeostasis? 4. Medical terms: Know roots, prefix and suffix, be able to break down word to give meaning Atlas : 1. Position 2. Planes a. Surface anatomy: Know axial regions b. Directional terms: Know how to use each in relation to each other 5. Organ Systems: Know organ systems, functions and principal organs associated with each.</p><p>You will not be tested on Enzyme action, diffusion or membrane transport.</p><p>Unit 2: Integumentary System: See vocabulary for 6.1 and 6.2 on web site and know these terms 1. What are the functions of the Integumentary system? 2. Know the layers of the skin and the sub layers. 3. What are the functions of each sub layer in the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis? 4. Know the function of the various types of cells in the different layers of skin. 5. Know the abnormal changes in skin color and the diagnostic value for each. 6. Know what causes the different skin markings 7. Be able to describe the function and location of the glands in the skin. 8. Know the differences in the three types of skin cancer.</p><p>Unit 2.1 : Bones tissues, histology and physiology</p><p>See Vocabulary for chapters 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 found on my web site under unit 2.1 Know these terms.</p><p>1. Describe the general features of bones and be able to identify these features by descriptions. 2. Describe the path of bone cell generation from osteogenic cells and also from bone marrow stem cells. 3. Describe the functions of the above cells. 4. Be able to describe the content and functions of matrix, compact bone, and spongy bone. 5. Know the difference between red and yellow bone marrow. 6. What is an osteon and what structures are within it? 7. Understand what kinds of bones are derived from the two kinds of ossification. 8. Describe bone remodeling and the cells involved and why this is necessary and helpful. 9. Describe the process by which minerals are added to and removed from bone. 10. Be able to describe the role of bones in regulating blood calcium levels. 11. Describe symptoms of a person with high or low levels of blood calcium. 12. Know and name the three important hormones that regulate bone physiology 13. Be able to correctly identify what is happening with various types of bone cells in negative feedback loops when Calcium is in excess and when Calcium is deficient.</p><p>Unit 3 Bones of the Skeletal System Please refer to your bone lists Be able to identify the various bones and features of the: Skull, (frontal and lateral views), axial and appendicular skeleton.</p><p>Unit 4 Bones, Histology and Physiology of muscle cells and naming muscles Please refer to your muscle lists 1. Be able to identify structures of the muscle cell and tell why the parts are important to the function of the cell. 2. Describe the organization of a muscle (see organization charts and pictures on ppt) 3. Be able to describe how muscle cells are stimulated to contract and what causes them to relax. 4. Understand what is needed and what systems are used for muscle cells to provide energy to the body. 5. Be able to identify muscles of the: shoulder, trunk, hip, arms and legs as well as neck and face. 6. Be able to identify muscles that support various functions of the trunk.</p>